Transcendentalism, An American Philosophy - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1052 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/06/16 Category Philosophy Essay Level High school Tags: Transcendentalism Essay Did you like this example? As I sat patiently on the plane, ready for my flight to Colorado to take off, a sudden announcement over the loudspeaker broke the chatter of the passengers. We regret to inform you that this aircraft is undergoing maintenance. Your flight will be delayed, and we will update you with details as they come. Hopefully we will be taking off soon. Please stay seated for the time being. I sighed loudly, realizing that I would be on the plane for more time than I had expected. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Transcendentalism, An American Philosophy" essay for you Create order Why should we live with such hurry and waste of life? said the woman next to me suddenly, We are determined to be starved before we are hungry (Where I Lived and What I Lived For, 137). What do you mean? I asked, tilting my head, Did you read that in a fortune cookie or something? The woman laughed. No, no. I am an adamant transcendentalist. You seem to be upset that we have to wait for the plane to get fixed, but according to that quote by Thoreau, we as people easily become so busy that we lose sight of who we really are. This delayed flight might just be a blessing disguised as a curse, because it forces us all to just exist for a while without being caught up in other things. That makes sense. I said, thinking over what the woman said, Ive never heard of transcendentalism. What about it makes you believe in it so strongly? Hmm, the woman said, tapping her finger against her lips, thats a very difficult question, as there is so much about it that I stand for. But for me, the idea of individualism is the most important. Emerson said in his writings that Society is a joint stock company, in which the members agree for the better securing of his bread to each shareholder, to surrender the liberty and culture of the eater (Self Reliance, 3). The woman stared out of the plane window for a moment, clearly in deep thought. Basically, what Emerson means is that society pushes for its members to conform and follow the opinions of others instead of maintaining his own views on the world. Through his writing, Emerson expresses that although it may be tempting to conform, having your own opinions is important. Non-conformity is key to the idea of individualism, which I believe is essential to transcendentalism. Wow, thats interesting, I said. So I guess being an individual is really important to transcendentalists, isnt it? Absolutely! Another thing that Emerson wrote was that There is a time in every mans education when he arrives at the conviction that envy is ignorance; that imitation is suicide (Self Reliance, 2). Emerson believes that to be envious of other people is to disregard your own uniqueness and individuality, which goes against his beliefs. He also says that imitation is suicide. By this he means that copying another person is conforming to the thoughts of someone else instead of making your own. If you try to be like other people, you are not embracing yourself for who you are So he wants people to be themselves? Yes. It is easy to go along with the crowd, but doing the hard thing and discovering what you as a person really believe is inevitably more satisfying and truer to yourself. I smiled and nodded at the woman. Glancing down at my watch to check how much time had passed since the announcement, the woman scoffed. I looked at her with confusion. Thats a nice-looking watch. It looks like it must have cost you a lot of money. she said, judging me with her eyes, You know, Thoreau wrote, But the man not to make any invidious comparisons is always sold to the institution that makes him rich. Absolutely speaking, the more money, the less virtue; for money comes between a man and his objects and obtains them from him (Civil Disobedience, 236). Actually, this watch is from the dollar store. I said sheepishly. Oh, good. I was worried there for a second. she said in relief. Why were you worried? What does Thoreau mean when he says that the wealthier a person is the less virtuous they are? I asked. Im so glad that you asked. I interpret in that quote to mean the more money a person has, the more their priorities are challenged. A wealthier person may start to value objects more than something important like their morality. These peoples actions could start to reflect their desire to obtain or maintain their wealth. Let me give you an example of how this might work. If a wealthy person opposed the government, they might not vocalize their opinion in fear of losing their material objects. In doing this, they sacrifice their virtue. That makes more sense, thank you. Is there anything else you think I should know? Self reliance is such an important part of transcendentalism. As Emerson once wrote, Trust thyself: every heart vibrates to that iron string. Accept the place the divine providence has found for you, the society of your contemporaries, the connection of events. Great men have always done so, and confided themselves childlike to the genius of their age, betraying their perception that the Eternal was stirring at their heart, working through their hands, predominating in all their being (Self Reliance, 2). Can you explain this quote further? I asked. Of course, I can. The way I see this quote, Emerson is saying that everyone is gifted with a unique self for a reason, so you should be confident when expressing your opinions. You should have faith that your thoughts have purpose. If you dont have confidence in your opinions, you will never make change in the world because you will always be too scared of being incorrect in your ideas. As soon as the woman finished her sentence, the sound of the aircraft being powered up reverberated through the plane. I guess were going to take off soon, I said. Im going to watch a movie now, but it was great meeting you. I feel like I learned so much about transcendentalism! Any time, said the woman with a grin. As the plane took off, I knew that I would never forget the conversation I had with this woman.

Boko Haram Is The Most Powerful Group - 1468 Words

Similar to the past few years, the atrocious kidnapping of 276 on the 14th of April, of boarding school girls from the village of Chibok in the north-eastern part of Nigeria falls into an arrangement of shocking terror unbridled by Boko Haram. Nigeria has always been at the heart of security threatening challenges, but Boko Haram is the most powerful group as of yet. Boko Haram has claimed responsibility for many bombings and other terrorist activities north and central Nigeria, thus placing Nigeria on the verge of dissolution. Till date, terror caused by Boko Hara has resulted in an estimate of about 10,000 deaths. Boko Haram, officially called Jama’tu Ahlis Sunna Lidda’Awati Wal-Jihad, is a Sunni extremist terrorist group based in northeast Nigeria and active in Chad, Niger and Cameroon. Purpose of Boko Haram is to get rid of the current political regime in Nigeria, which the group believes is run by corrupt Muslims. They group wishes to â€Å"establish a fundamenta list interpretation of Sharia (Islamic law) across all of Nigeria (Start).† Furthermore, the group wishes to rid Nigeria of any western education and institutions, specifically schools for girls. Seven to ten thousand members of Boko Haram are led by Abubakr Shekau. Initially, the group had links to Al-Qaeda, but pledged allegiance in March 2015. Since the end of the British rule, politicians and Islamic ulama have expressed their disapproval with western education. Since then, political and ethno-religious groupsShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On The Country Of Nigeria1584 Words   |  7 Pagesare becoming much more frequent because of a rather newly created terrorist group, Boko Haram. The group is growing in power and most likely is not being shut down any time soon. There are many reasons for this, including many Nigerian citizens being in poverty, Nigeria’s corrupt government, and most crucial, religious conflict. Nigeria is a very diverse nation, where there are many different ethnic and religious groups. The country is split almost perfectly in half among the religions of IslamRead MoreThe Violence Of Boko Haram1129 Words   |  5 Pagesand we don’t seem to notice. On April 14, nearly 300 Nigerian girls were abducted from their school. We cannot even imagine their darkest fears or the pain they are going through with the Boko Haram terrorists who took them. Boko Haram is a group of Nigerian terrorists ruled by a man named Abubakar. Boko Haram stands for â€Å"Western education is sinful†. But we can imagine how their parents and family are feeling. The abduction of these girls has led to many social media trends calling for their rescueRead MoreBoko Haram Is A Radical Sunni Islamic Gathering1541 Words   |  7 PagesBoko Haram is a radical Sunni Islamic gathering, at first calling itself Jama atu Ahlis Sunnar Lidda awati Wal-Jihad, which thoroughly makes a translation of to people concentrated on the spread of the Prophet s teachings and jihad. The gathering is against Western philosophy. The pioneer of the gathering, Mohammed Yusuf, was a readied Salafist and follower of Ibn Taymiyya, a 14th century analyst who addressed Islamic fundamentalism. Boko Haram hopes to construct an Islamic state in Nigeria,Read MoreA Report On Boko Haram4313 Words   |  18 PagesIntroduction Today, terrorism is among the foremost issues troubling the world. Most terrorist groups are the root cause of death and destruction of property worth millions. Mainly, most terrorist groups place their belief in religion, Islam to be more specific. Though the Islamic faith is quick to separate itself from such terrorist groups, it is clear that all trace their roots to their faith. Most terrorist groups were mainly situated in the Arab world, in the Middle East. However, they have evolvedRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe1143 Words   |  5 Pages Charles Darwin once said â€Å"It is not the strongest or the most intelligent who will survive but those who can best manage change†(11 Powerful Quotes to Inspire Your Team to Embrace Change). This quote can be proven true in many sources throughout history, or books and even in the present day as people who don’t adapt to new changes very often experience many negative consequences. In Things Fall Apart, Chinua Achebe shows that when cultures collide and there is a refusal to change many negativeRead MoreMultiplicity Of Influences On Radical Group Boko Haram3098 Words   |  13 PagesMultiplicity of Influences on Radical Group Boko Haram: A Comprehensive Evaluation Megan Yung PO350 December 7, 2014 Abstract: Boko Haram is becoming an increasingly poignant issue on the world stage. There is much research looking to dissect the origins of the group, their motivation, and their goals, but there is no single accepted understanding. This paper looks to gather the different viewpoints to connect them and take a comparative look whether or not they can be compatible or contradictoryRead MoreBoko Haram Is The Elusive Master Mind Behind The Islamic State2063 Words   |  9 PagesThe group, Boko Haram, was created 14 years ago by Mohammed Yusuf (1970-2009) to create and pure Islamic state in Nigeria. With the development in technology over the last ten years the internet has become a freeway of information. This has created the perfect opportunity for terrorist groups to blossom and spread their messages to lands far away from their previous reach. Mohammed Yusuf Ideals were focused on making Nigeria a â€Å"pure Islamic State†. In 2009 police found and killed him which with mediaRead MoreConflict and Social Change: a Case Study of Boko Haram Insurgence in Nigeria3843 Words   |  16 PagesCONFLICT AND SOCIAL CHANGE: A CASE STUDY OF THE BOKO HARAM INSURGENCE IN NIGERIA   Dedication This work is dedicated to all those who have lost their lives as a result of the activities of the Boko Haram sect.    Acknowledgement I am so grateful to the Almighty God for giving me the grace needed to present this term paper. May all honour and thanksgiving be ascribed unto They name in Jesus name. I will also fail to register my ineffable gratitude to my lecturer, Mrs Ayogu for guiding me throughoutRead MoreThe Threat Of Boko Haram Essay2157 Words   |  9 PagesTheorists have on the recent suicide bombing in Nigeria by terrorist cell Boko Haram would be that the intention of Boko Haram would not be that of pure rage and hatred but that of a strategic value. Nicholas Lemann highlights the views and some of the assumptions of this theory in his article What Terrorists Want. One of the main assumptions of strategic theory that this event does touch upon would be the assumption that Boko Haram has a political goal and their goal is to help create an Islamic stateRead MoreWorld Is Becoming A Huge Problem Essay2123 Words   |  9 Pageshaving their military present in the Middle East. These terrorists have been living in America for a few years and have taken classes to learn to fly an aircraft. They chose four flights that were going across country because they knew they had the most fuel in the aircraft. It takes a lot of planning and research to pull off a tragedy and sacrifice for their country like they all did. Fast forwarding to 2015, there are thousands of terrorist attacks that has happened. Majority of which we don’t

Barack Obama or Socrates for President Free Essays

The United States of America’s presidential election is always been the major political event in the entire nation, on which set of prominent, outstanding and powerful politicians in the whole American nation are set to challenge each others capabilities. Under the unified goal, the list of clever American politician showcases their profound abilities and qualities to become the next president of the United States of America and rule the country for the succeeding years of their term, as the new head of entire states. United States presidential election, on the hand, is arguably he most significant event of the entire United States of America, as it is the critical episode in the whole country, on which the people and the entire American society is up to decide whether who to entrust the future of the whole nation and the entire American dreams. We will write a custom essay sample on Barack Obama or Socrates for President or any similar topic only for you Order Now The 2008 United States presidential race is one of the historical elections, the Americans will have, on which it is the first time to happen that there are no incumbents from both presidential and vice-presidential position, since the 1928 presidential election. Technically, all the running politicians for presidency are equal, on which every running candidate have definite advantage over the other and has a fair share possibility to be the next head of the influential American nation. (Rate It All, Inc. ) Among the political person running for the 2008 United States presidential election, Barack Obama is one of the most politicians to receive positive feedbacks among the American public. Barack Obama, as one the United States presidential had been phenomenal to his political campaign, on which Obama had garner positive feedbacks on votes from most of the states in the entire United of America. In most of the political rallies Barack Obama, he often says America, as a united country must stand together and work together, on which everyone has a fair share of obligation to make the country productive and strong economically as well as socially. This is how Barack Obama envisions the United States of America should be, on which he carry the tag-line â€Å"change, we can believe†, together with his supporters in all of his political rallies. (Barack Obama. com) In ancient politics, however, the Greek classical philosopher, Socrates, is one of the most popular political advocates of their own definition of ideal government. As a philosopher, Socrates has a bunch of in-depth insights about many forms of government, on which he as a thinker has a profound definition of government. In principle, Socrates is an oppositionist of many forms of government, more specifically the democracy. (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Just like Barack Obama, Socrates advocates his own version of an ideal government, on which he consistently pursue up to the last drop of his blood. Relating this to the current political situation of the United States, this classical argumentative paper will claim who would be the better candidate for the United States of America’s presidential election in the year 2008, between one of the prime democrat candidate Barack Obama and the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates. Technically, Barack Obama and Socrates differ with each other on their explanation of ideal state government. As an oppositionist of many currently existing form of government, Socrates’ representation of an ideal form of government is more strict and profound, on which the structure of his ideal governance in state government is totally an antagonism to the entire principle of democracy. In his ideal Government, Socrates states that his principle structure of perfect government is divided into three major parts, on which are Gold, Silver and Bronze. The Gold being the head of the state or government that their primary role is to rule and lead over its people: the silver is the army or soldier, on which their primary purpose or responsibility is to protect the welfare of the head of state or the government: and the last is bronze, as the common people who is classified by Socrates as the Laborer and the lowest least priority or part in his ideal government. (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Essentially, Socrates’ model of his ideal government for the state disagrees with the principle of democracy, on which most of the people, most especially those who belongs in the least bronze category do not have the same human rights as compare to the two more prominent division of Socrates’ ideal government. Nevertheless, the Greek philosopher Socrates’ model of ideal government do not cater to the needs and priority of the common people or the public of the state. Barack Obama, on the other hand, as one of the United Sates presidential candidate for the 2008 election, uses the principle of democracy for the entire United States of America, as his personal definition of ideal state government. As a contradict to the ideal government principle of Socrates, the democrat prime candidate Barack Obama is an advocate of the so called democracy, as his primary definition of an ideal state government. A true democrat that he is, presidential contender Barack Obama believes that every American has its fair share of right to help the entire country of the United States grow bigger and stronger, economically and socially. (Barack Obama. com) Moreover, the ideal governance of Barack Obama for the entire United States of America caters the needs and prioritizes the sake of the people in the entire states of America. Barack Obama believes that every American or citizen of the state has its profound capability to protect and contribute to the future of the entire United States, on which the ideal government of Barack Obama gives every individual an equal share of freedom and right to do their share for the betterment of the entire American Nation. Nevertheless, Barack Obama’s ideal state government for the whole America centers to the good and better sake of all the Americans, towards the reconstruction of unified, strong and competent future of the whole United States of America. (Barack Obama. com) In every state or country, government head or leader is important. He or she is the one in-charge to take care of the future and welfare of the nation as well as to its people. Essentially, the leader of the state is the one in driver seat to further achieve and enhance the dream or the American dream for the United States. However, between the democrat leader Barack Obama and the ancient Greek leader Socrates, the American democrat Barack Obama is more deserving to be the best and the next country leader of the entire United States of America. I argue that Socrates as a philosopher and an oppositionist of the principle of democracy, his type of leadership is not suitable for a democratic country like the United States of America, which is better known for its outstanding freedom and equality in its states government. More likely, the Leadership of Socrates is comparable to a dictatorial governance, on which he is the type of a leader that only practice personal self growth and motives, as against to the priority and sake of the entire country. Nevertheless, Socrates, as a leader is selfish in away he does not believe to the equal right or freedom of every people on a state, regardless of their status and role in life. Barack Obama, on the other hand, is the type of leader who believes and relies to the support as well as significance of the entire American people in rebuilding the nation and dreams of the whole United States. Barack Obama, as a leader is an advocate of equality of citizenry, on which he have the faith for the people to make their fair share to build and achieved to together the bright future of the entire United States. As the nation’s favorite democrat candidate for United States presidency, definitely Barack Obama is the deserving and best leader for the United States against Socrates, on which Barack Obama’s faith in the American people, as a critical player towards the change and improvement of the whole nation is a superb quality of a best leader to lead the country for the next generations. Nevertheless, Barack Obama is the type of leader whose goal is not for his own personal growth or sake, rather he centers more for priority of his people and nation. In every form of government, the people or the person in the state plays a significant role, no which the public or the people hold the key towards the success of the politician and its government in general. In Socrates’ ideal form of government, he depicts the primary role of the common people or person as the laborers or the least division in his ideal governance, on which his version of ideal government gives the least priority for the person in his government. Barack Obama, however, depicts the role of person in his ideal form of government as one of the important aspects towards the achievement of strong and bright future of the entire United States of America. Moreover, Barack Obama illustrated the person role as the primary way to change the current political situation and dilemma of the United States of America at the moment. Nevertheless, in Obama’s form of government, he believes to power of equality and significant of the person, as the catalysts of change in the state governance, towards the social and economical growth of the entire American nation. In the end, social contract is the best type of government for the United State of America, on which it has the profound capability to effect and implement equality on its people, regardless of their status and position in life. Social Contract, it is definite that no one is above the law or constitution of the land, with this it is fair enough to say social contract is the best for the entire United States of America to ensure fairness and equality of every Americans. Works Cited Rate It All, Inc. (2007), United States presidential election, 2008 – Candidates Reviews: Retrieved May 22, 2008 from http://www. rateitall. com/t-23139-united-states-presidential-election-2008–candidates-reviews. aspx Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2003), Plato’s Ethics and Politics in The Republi: Retrieved May 22, 2008 from http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/plato-ethics-politics/ Barack Obama. com (2008), Im Asking You to Believe: Retrieved May 22, 2008 from http://www. barackobama. com/index. php How to cite Barack Obama or Socrates for President, Papers

Issues in International Business Cultural Environment

Question: Discuss about the Issues in International Business for Cultural Environment. Answer: Introduction This report contains a comprehensive description of Australian business cultural environment. Australia has a comparatively higher standard of living. It generally welcomes foreign direct investments and provides regulatory framework for investors to make them feel confident and secure. The report is designed to give an insight into some of the unique cultural components of Australia, which attract foreign companies to do business in Australia. Moreover, the report comments on the cultural differences between Australia and Singapore as typical examples of Western and Eastern cultures in the Asia-Pacific region. Finally, it points out various factors that the Singaporean companies need to consider in order to operate effectively in Australia. Rationale Australia is the 12th largest economy in the world (Offord et al., 2015). More than 1,000 foreign companies operate in Australia like British airways, Virgin, BP and so on. Along with these characteristics, the most important factor that makes the author to move from his home country Singapore, to do business in Australia is that, it provides a safe and low-risk environment for businesses and offers a lot of opportunities, in terms of growth, innovation and talented workforce for businesses to become successful. The author wants to visit Australia to explore the impact of nature of Australian corporate culture on foreign businesses. This would help him in taking right decision to have a permanent establishment in the country. A Detailed Cultural Analysis of Australia Australia is one of the best-performing economies in the world and is placed at a good position in terms of cultural aspect (Hunter, and Biddle, 2012). Here, a detailed analysis of cultural environment of Australia has been made in order to understand its work-related values and other cultural backgrounds which will help the foreign companies to take right decision. The explanation of eight major cultural components of the country is described as follows: Physical environment: Australias physical environment is favourable and provides opportunities for the companies to grow and prosper (Strigel, 2012). The political system of the country is relatively stable, which attracts foreign companies to invest in with lower rate of risk (Head et al., 2015). Australia has specific laws which regulate bribery and corruption issues, in order to protect investors interests. The entire worlds climate is found in the country. Its GDP has also been increased in 2016, by 3.2%. It has enormous natural resources like coal, iron, copper, natural gas, uranium and various sources of energy. It has a liberal-capitalistic democracy, which means that the state interferes in the economy in various matters. It has lower unemployment and public debts. Moreover, only 10% tax rate is imposed on sale of most goods and services and a very nominal tax rate is charged on exporting activities in Australia (Austin and Huang, 2011). However, non-residents earning in Australia is subject to hi gher tax regime. There is a strong awareness among the people in the country about water, air and land pollution. In addition, the policy of free trade agreements indicates a competitive advantage for the economy. Values and attitudes: Australia is a product of new beliefs and traditions, which encourage innovation, experiments and risk taking. It is a multi-cultural country as it is a collection of diverse people. Australians are enthusiastic adopters of technology (McKeown, 2016). All Australians have the right to express their culture and beliefs and also have the freedom to enjoy Australias national life. They are friendly in nature and open-minded. There exists equality for men and women, respect for equal worth and peacefulness. In Australian companies, being punctual is critical. Australian business people take punctuality seriously and are efficient and profit-oriented. The work weak consists of five working days with longer working hours but working environment in the companies tends to be good. They take personal responsibility for the consequences of their efforts and show complete honesty in their commitments. They value honesty and it is reflected in their work (Solomon et al., 2012). Drinking wine is very common in Australia but in offices it is allowed only on special occasions. Australians respect people having strong views, even if they dont agree fully. There is a positive response to the cultural changes in the country. Manners and Customs: In Australia, greetings among people are casual and relaxed, with a handshake and a smile. They used to be informal in their day-to-day interactions, but they tend to be formal in professional situations (Montagu, 2013). The dress code for business people in the country differ according to the location and situation. Generally, it consists of dark-coloured, conservative business suit for both men and women. Offering gifts is not the custom of the Australian corporate culture, as it is often seen as bribery. However, if someone is invited to the home then, bringing small gifts like flowers, chocolates and wine is common. It is customary to use words please, thank you, excuse-me and sorry, while having conversation with either friends or strangers and while conducting business transactions. Sports are a national passion in Australia (Keen, 2010). Playing Beach cricket and backyard in the summer is popular among Australians. Education: Traditions, beliefs and customs are transferred to the Australian people through parenting, schooling and group membership (Crossley, 2015). Higher education offers well-paid jobs in the country. Students studying in Australia, get great advantage from countrys innovative technology and research resources. Education in Australia also includes promoting peace and serving justice. Degrees obtained from Australian Universities and Institutions are recognizes all over the world. Australian government keeps evaluating these universities to make sure that they are maintaining high standards. Today, Australians are more highly educated than ever before. Personal communication: Australians prefer modes of communication according to their cultural background and upbringing (Burgess et al., 2014). They are little more familiar facial expressions, tone and body language than other countries. For example, while making conversation, eye-contact is essential. It demonstrates attention, involvement and sincerity. Social structure: Australian society is generally a collection of young diverse people and is relatively more liberal. Social classes in the country are divided into three categories, i.e. working class, middle class and upper class (Uhlmann, 2016). However, class cant be identified by cars, clothes and living circumstances. Way of speech, participation in sports, consumption patterns, etc are the useful indicators of class. It is also allowed for people to move between classes from one generation to another. It is not customary in the corporate culture of the society to make social contact with customers outside the office. In Australia, no one is discriminated on the basis of its cultural heritage, religious belief, gender, or language. Everyone is assessed on the basis of are character (Jang, 2015). Many people who migrate to Australia feel a strong sense of belonging to Australia and gradually get attached to its beliefs and values. Religion: There is no official religion of Australia and people are free to practice any religion, they wish, provided that they do not break the law (Grim et al., 2015). However it is basically describes as Christian country. Extensive migration from different parts of the world has given this nation an identity of religiously diverse society. People in the country enjoy freedom of religion and all religions and faiths like Buddhists, Muslims, Jews and Hindus are equally respected in the country. Also 19% of the Australians have no religion. Every religious community has its own place of worship. Aesthetics: Australian culture is basically a Western culture, mainly derived from Britain. Music is an integral part of Australian culture. Didgeridoo is the most famous feature of Aboriginal music (Sb, 2016). However, they have also turned to Western popular music forms for commercial success. Architecture is also predominant throughout the country. It includes Harbour Bridge in Sydney, Port Arthur in Tasmania, and Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne and many more. The National Trust of Australia is in charge of Australias built heritage. Aboriginal rock art is the oldest tradition of Australia. Australian foremost landscape painters include John Glover and Eugene Von Guerard. Australian schools of painting are associated with Heidelberg school of late 1800s. Dance is also an important part of Australian culture (Nah and Tan, 2016). In many states of the country, various youth dance companies have been established, providing opportunity for youngsters to participate in dance. It gives them a broad understanding of artistic process. Moreover, theatrical and dramatic aspects are also found in Australian cultural ceremonies and they have experienced a new sense of national identity. Comparision of Business Culture of Austrlia With That of Singapore In Australian culture, business people are polite and speak of their minds. But they are less aggressive and are more compatible with their colleagues (Bharati and Pratyush, 2010). In Singapore, interpersonal communication is primarily influenced by Western culture. Here, people are argumentative, even if the matter is controversial. Australian work culture give more priority to individual needs while, Singaporean culture mainly focus on organisational needs rather than individual needs. Working hours: Another big corporate cultural difference between two countries is working hours. In Singapore, working hours are longer than that of Australia. Particularly in the field of architecture, working hours are longest and quite harsh in Singapore. On the other hand, in Australia, things happen quicker in daily operations (Spoehr, and Jain, 2012). On the other hand, in Singapore, business deals are completed at slower pace. Greeting: Since Singapore is a multi-ethnic society, greetings are based on the ethnic origin. For example, Muslim men do not shake hands with women. However, Western culture of shaking hands with everyone (except older and more reserved Singaporeans) is widely accepted in the country by younger people and people working in multi-nationals (Sirgy et al., 2015). On the other hand, shaking hands is a common practice in Australia, before and after the business meeting. If anyone refuses to shake hands, when offered, it is considered rude. Negotiations: When it comes to meetings and negotiations, Australians businesspeople are more relaxed and calm and willing to share information. Here, negotiations happen quickly. On the other hand, business negotiations take place at a slow pace in Singapore and follow the strict hierarchy (Lee 2010). They are a little bit tough on price and deadlines. Decision-making: In Singapore, business decision making involves agreement of majority of the people in the group (Chhokar et al., 2013). On the other hand, in Australia decisions are taken by the top management of the company. Business meeting etiquette: In Singapore, appointments are made before at least two weeks (Djajadikerta and Zhang, (2015). While in Australia, appointments are relatively easy to schedule. Gift giving etiquette: In Singapore, flowers are not considered appropriate for gifting as they are given to the sick people and used at funerals. However, one can gift sweets, fruits or cake saying that it is for the children and gifts are not opened when received (Aung and Myo, 2015). On the other hand, in Australia, it is considered polite to bring chocolates or flowers when invited to someones house and gifts are opened when received. Dress code: In business culture of Singapore, businesspeople wear dark or light-coloured long-sleeved shirts and dark trousers with no tie and no jackets or blazers whereas women tend to wear blouses, skirts or dressy slacks (Sharkey, 2012). On the other hand, in Australia, business attire for men is a dark-coloured black or navy suit with white shirt and a tie and for women, it is skirt or trouser with white blouse. Hofstedes Six Cultural Dimension Theory Hofstedes cultural dimension theory is a model which illustrates cross-cultural communications among different national societies. It describes the effects of bringing together various groups of people having different preferences and values (Piepenburg, 2011). It is the most valuable pieces of work in the field of international business management (IBM) which evaluates how values in workplace are influenced by culture and helps in better decision-making. This model assists the organisations in operating effectively across cultures. Hofstedes model contains six cultural dimensions, which are: Here, a meaningful analysis of Australian culture has been made, using Hofstedes cultural dimension theory. In addition, some factors are also discussed which foreign countries (here, Singapore) should consider to operate business in Australia successfully. Power Distance: The term power distance deals with the issue of human inequality. It indicates the extent by which less powerful people accept that power is spread unequally (Robbins, 2014). People having high power distance generally accept autocratic power relations and unequal distribution of power, while people having low power distance question and expect to participate in decisions taken by the authority that affect them. Australia scores 36 in this dimension, which is lower as compared to that of Singapore. It indicates that managers and employees in Australian companies expect to be consulted and involved in decision-making process. If Singapore wishes to do business in Australia, it needs to delegate its power and authorities to employees as much as possible. Also, the top management should involve employees in all those decision-making processes which may affect employees directly. Individualism: It indicates the degree of interpersonal connection between the individuals and social groups. Higher individualism represents individualist culture. In individualist culture, people take care of themselves and their family only (Newman, 2014). They live with I mentality and emphasize on individual achievements. Lower individualism represents collectivistic culture, in which people emphasize more on groups and We mentality, exists there. Decisions are taken which are best for the entire group rather than any particular person. Australia scores 90 in this dimension, which indicates highly individualistic culture in the country. It means that Australians give more importance to their personal goals and freedom. Since, individualism is high in Australia, it is important for Singaporean companies to let employees to express their own ideas and appreciate individual accomplishments in order to encourage them. Masculinity: Masculinity places value on ambition, power and material goods. A high masculine society generally has more difference between genders and tends to be more competitive (Newman, 2014). In contrast, lower masculinity represents feminine society, in which more emphasis is on quality of life and relationship building. Australia has high level of masculinity (61), which shows that it places more value on money and material gains. Therefore, if a Singaporean company wants to operate business in Australia, it should recognize that it is operating in a hierarchical, deferential and traditionally patriarchal society. Here, long-hours are the norm and this can make difficult for female members to gain advancement, due to family commitments. Uncertainty Avoidance: This dimension reflects societys tolerance for uncertainty and the ways by which members of the society deals with future unknown changes and threats (Shackleton, and Ali, 1990). Australia scores moderate, i.e. 51 in this dimension, which shows that business culture of Australia, is tolerant of uncertainty and there are very few rules and regulations to cope up with the anxiety of unexpected events. Singaporean companies should encourage employees to become more open to different approaches but at the same time, it should be ensured that people remain focussed and do not create too much structure. Singaporean companies also need to recognize and learn Australian unspoken expectations in order to function there in a better way. Long Term Orientation: This dimension represents the extent to which members of a society deals with their present and future challenges while linking them with their past. Long term orientation shows that people see time as linear and looks to the future rather than the past or the present. It is goal-oriented and values rewards (Shi, and Wang, 2011). On the other hand, short-term orientation is characterized with emphasizing on respect for tradition, personal steadiness and stability. Australia scores very low (21) in this dimension which means that it is a normative cultural society. Australians fosters on achieving quick results and care more about immediate gratification than long-term fulfilment. Singaporean companies may need to sell themselves to be taken seriously, in order to operate effectively in Australian normative culture (Gulsrud, 2014). Here, people are less willing to compromise as it would be seen as weakness. Singaporean companies may need to promote self-enhancement of employees and value their short-term gains. Indulgence: Indulgence cultural societies are more concerned with optimism, personal life control and freedom of speech (McSweeney, 2002). Low indulgence represents a restraint culture where people feel helplessness about their personal destiny and have rigid behaviour. Australia scores higher (71) in indulgence, which indicates that these people have control over their future events and they actively participate in life activities. It also reflects that Australian customer service representatives visibly demonstrate their happiness with a smile and friendly behaviour. In order to operate well in Australia, it is required for Singaporean companies to prioritize feedback, coaching and mentoring (Xiumei et al., 2011). Companies should provide employees flexible working environment along with work-life balance. Comclusion From the above detailed analysis, it has been concluded that Australian culture is primarily influenced by Western culture, which are characterized as low in power-distance, individualistic, high in uncertainty-avoidance, masculine, short-term oriented and high in indulgence. Hofstedes cultural dimensions model enables foreign business firms who want to do business in Australia, to evaluate their approaches, decisions and actions based on corporate culture of Australia. A little research has found several key differences in context of working hours, greetings and business etiquettes, in the business culture of Australia and Singapore. Additionally, the above studies provide information on business decision-making style that foreign business firms can utilize to operate in Australia by formulating more effective strategies. References Hunter, B and Biddle, N. (2012). Survey Analysis for Indigenous Policy in Australia: Social Science Perspectives. Australia: Anu E Press. 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