Transcendentalism, An American Philosophy - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1052 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/06/16 Category Philosophy Essay Level High school Tags: Transcendentalism Essay Did you like this example? As I sat patiently on the plane, ready for my flight to Colorado to take off, a sudden announcement over the loudspeaker broke the chatter of the passengers. We regret to inform you that this aircraft is undergoing maintenance. Your flight will be delayed, and we will update you with details as they come. Hopefully we will be taking off soon. Please stay seated for the time being. I sighed loudly, realizing that I would be on the plane for more time than I had expected. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Transcendentalism, An American Philosophy" essay for you Create order Why should we live with such hurry and waste of life? said the woman next to me suddenly, We are determined to be starved before we are hungry (Where I Lived and What I Lived For, 137). What do you mean? I asked, tilting my head, Did you read that in a fortune cookie or something? The woman laughed. No, no. I am an adamant transcendentalist. You seem to be upset that we have to wait for the plane to get fixed, but according to that quote by Thoreau, we as people easily become so busy that we lose sight of who we really are. This delayed flight might just be a blessing disguised as a curse, because it forces us all to just exist for a while without being caught up in other things. That makes sense. I said, thinking over what the woman said, Ive never heard of transcendentalism. What about it makes you believe in it so strongly? Hmm, the woman said, tapping her finger against her lips, thats a very difficult question, as there is so much about it that I stand for. But for me, the idea of individualism is the most important. Emerson said in his writings that Society is a joint stock company, in which the members agree for the better securing of his bread to each shareholder, to surrender the liberty and culture of the eater (Self Reliance, 3). The woman stared out of the plane window for a moment, clearly in deep thought. Basically, what Emerson means is that society pushes for its members to conform and follow the opinions of others instead of maintaining his own views on the world. Through his writing, Emerson expresses that although it may be tempting to conform, having your own opinions is important. Non-conformity is key to the idea of individualism, which I believe is essential to transcendentalism. Wow, thats interesting, I said. So I guess being an individual is really important to transcendentalists, isnt it? Absolutely! Another thing that Emerson wrote was that There is a time in every mans education when he arrives at the conviction that envy is ignorance; that imitation is suicide (Self Reliance, 2). Emerson believes that to be envious of other people is to disregard your own uniqueness and individuality, which goes against his beliefs. He also says that imitation is suicide. By this he means that copying another person is conforming to the thoughts of someone else instead of making your own. If you try to be like other people, you are not embracing yourself for who you are So he wants people to be themselves? Yes. It is easy to go along with the crowd, but doing the hard thing and discovering what you as a person really believe is inevitably more satisfying and truer to yourself. I smiled and nodded at the woman. Glancing down at my watch to check how much time had passed since the announcement, the woman scoffed. I looked at her with confusion. Thats a nice-looking watch. It looks like it must have cost you a lot of money. she said, judging me with her eyes, You know, Thoreau wrote, But the man not to make any invidious comparisons is always sold to the institution that makes him rich. Absolutely speaking, the more money, the less virtue; for money comes between a man and his objects and obtains them from him (Civil Disobedience, 236). Actually, this watch is from the dollar store. I said sheepishly. Oh, good. I was worried there for a second. she said in relief. Why were you worried? What does Thoreau mean when he says that the wealthier a person is the less virtuous they are? I asked. Im so glad that you asked. I interpret in that quote to mean the more money a person has, the more their priorities are challenged. A wealthier person may start to value objects more than something important like their morality. These peoples actions could start to reflect their desire to obtain or maintain their wealth. Let me give you an example of how this might work. If a wealthy person opposed the government, they might not vocalize their opinion in fear of losing their material objects. In doing this, they sacrifice their virtue. That makes more sense, thank you. Is there anything else you think I should know? Self reliance is such an important part of transcendentalism. As Emerson once wrote, Trust thyself: every heart vibrates to that iron string. Accept the place the divine providence has found for you, the society of your contemporaries, the connection of events. Great men have always done so, and confided themselves childlike to the genius of their age, betraying their perception that the Eternal was stirring at their heart, working through their hands, predominating in all their being (Self Reliance, 2). Can you explain this quote further? I asked. Of course, I can. The way I see this quote, Emerson is saying that everyone is gifted with a unique self for a reason, so you should be confident when expressing your opinions. You should have faith that your thoughts have purpose. If you dont have confidence in your opinions, you will never make change in the world because you will always be too scared of being incorrect in your ideas. As soon as the woman finished her sentence, the sound of the aircraft being powered up reverberated through the plane. I guess were going to take off soon, I said. Im going to watch a movie now, but it was great meeting you. I feel like I learned so much about transcendentalism! Any time, said the woman with a grin. As the plane took off, I knew that I would never forget the conversation I had with this woman.

Boko Haram Is The Most Powerful Group - 1468 Words

Similar to the past few years, the atrocious kidnapping of 276 on the 14th of April, of boarding school girls from the village of Chibok in the north-eastern part of Nigeria falls into an arrangement of shocking terror unbridled by Boko Haram. Nigeria has always been at the heart of security threatening challenges, but Boko Haram is the most powerful group as of yet. Boko Haram has claimed responsibility for many bombings and other terrorist activities north and central Nigeria, thus placing Nigeria on the verge of dissolution. Till date, terror caused by Boko Hara has resulted in an estimate of about 10,000 deaths. Boko Haram, officially called Jama’tu Ahlis Sunna Lidda’Awati Wal-Jihad, is a Sunni extremist terrorist group based in northeast Nigeria and active in Chad, Niger and Cameroon. Purpose of Boko Haram is to get rid of the current political regime in Nigeria, which the group believes is run by corrupt Muslims. They group wishes to â€Å"establish a fundamenta list interpretation of Sharia (Islamic law) across all of Nigeria (Start).† Furthermore, the group wishes to rid Nigeria of any western education and institutions, specifically schools for girls. Seven to ten thousand members of Boko Haram are led by Abubakr Shekau. Initially, the group had links to Al-Qaeda, but pledged allegiance in March 2015. Since the end of the British rule, politicians and Islamic ulama have expressed their disapproval with western education. Since then, political and ethno-religious groupsShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On The Country Of Nigeria1584 Words   |  7 Pagesare becoming much more frequent because of a rather newly created terrorist group, Boko Haram. The group is growing in power and most likely is not being shut down any time soon. There are many reasons for this, including many Nigerian citizens being in poverty, Nigeria’s corrupt government, and most crucial, religious conflict. Nigeria is a very diverse nation, where there are many different ethnic and religious groups. The country is split almost perfectly in half among the religions of IslamRead MoreThe Violence Of Boko Haram1129 Words   |  5 Pagesand we don’t seem to notice. On April 14, nearly 300 Nigerian girls were abducted from their school. We cannot even imagine their darkest fears or the pain they are going through with the Boko Haram terrorists who took them. Boko Haram is a group of Nigerian terrorists ruled by a man named Abubakar. Boko Haram stands for â€Å"Western education is sinful†. But we can imagine how their parents and family are feeling. The abduction of these girls has led to many social media trends calling for their rescueRead MoreBoko Haram Is A Radical Sunni Islamic Gathering1541 Words   |  7 PagesBoko Haram is a radical Sunni Islamic gathering, at first calling itself Jama atu Ahlis Sunnar Lidda awati Wal-Jihad, which thoroughly makes a translation of to people concentrated on the spread of the Prophet s teachings and jihad. The gathering is against Western philosophy. The pioneer of the gathering, Mohammed Yusuf, was a readied Salafist and follower of Ibn Taymiyya, a 14th century analyst who addressed Islamic fundamentalism. Boko Haram hopes to construct an Islamic state in Nigeria,Read MoreA Report On Boko Haram4313 Words   |  18 PagesIntroduction Today, terrorism is among the foremost issues troubling the world. Most terrorist groups are the root cause of death and destruction of property worth millions. Mainly, most terrorist groups place their belief in religion, Islam to be more specific. Though the Islamic faith is quick to separate itself from such terrorist groups, it is clear that all trace their roots to their faith. Most terrorist groups were mainly situated in the Arab world, in the Middle East. However, they have evolvedRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe1143 Words   |  5 Pages Charles Darwin once said â€Å"It is not the strongest or the most intelligent who will survive but those who can best manage change†(11 Powerful Quotes to Inspire Your Team to Embrace Change). This quote can be proven true in many sources throughout history, or books and even in the present day as people who don’t adapt to new changes very often experience many negative consequences. In Things Fall Apart, Chinua Achebe shows that when cultures collide and there is a refusal to change many negativeRead MoreMultiplicity Of Influences On Radical Group Boko Haram3098 Words   |  13 PagesMultiplicity of Influences on Radical Group Boko Haram: A Comprehensive Evaluation Megan Yung PO350 December 7, 2014 Abstract: Boko Haram is becoming an increasingly poignant issue on the world stage. There is much research looking to dissect the origins of the group, their motivation, and their goals, but there is no single accepted understanding. This paper looks to gather the different viewpoints to connect them and take a comparative look whether or not they can be compatible or contradictoryRead MoreBoko Haram Is The Elusive Master Mind Behind The Islamic State2063 Words   |  9 PagesThe group, Boko Haram, was created 14 years ago by Mohammed Yusuf (1970-2009) to create and pure Islamic state in Nigeria. With the development in technology over the last ten years the internet has become a freeway of information. This has created the perfect opportunity for terrorist groups to blossom and spread their messages to lands far away from their previous reach. Mohammed Yusuf Ideals were focused on making Nigeria a â€Å"pure Islamic State†. In 2009 police found and killed him which with mediaRead MoreConflict and Social Change: a Case Study of Boko Haram Insurgence in Nigeria3843 Words   |  16 PagesCONFLICT AND SOCIAL CHANGE: A CASE STUDY OF THE BOKO HARAM INSURGENCE IN NIGERIA   Dedication This work is dedicated to all those who have lost their lives as a result of the activities of the Boko Haram sect.    Acknowledgement I am so grateful to the Almighty God for giving me the grace needed to present this term paper. May all honour and thanksgiving be ascribed unto They name in Jesus name. I will also fail to register my ineffable gratitude to my lecturer, Mrs Ayogu for guiding me throughoutRead MoreThe Threat Of Boko Haram Essay2157 Words   |  9 PagesTheorists have on the recent suicide bombing in Nigeria by terrorist cell Boko Haram would be that the intention of Boko Haram would not be that of pure rage and hatred but that of a strategic value. Nicholas Lemann highlights the views and some of the assumptions of this theory in his article What Terrorists Want. One of the main assumptions of strategic theory that this event does touch upon would be the assumption that Boko Haram has a political goal and their goal is to help create an Islamic stateRead MoreWorld Is Becoming A Huge Problem Essay2123 Words   |  9 Pageshaving their military present in the Middle East. These terrorists have been living in America for a few years and have taken classes to learn to fly an aircraft. They chose four flights that were going across country because they knew they had the most fuel in the aircraft. It takes a lot of planning and research to pull off a tragedy and sacrifice for their country like they all did. Fast forwarding to 2015, there are thousands of terrorist attacks that has happened. Majority of which we don’t

Barack Obama or Socrates for President Free Essays

The United States of America’s presidential election is always been the major political event in the entire nation, on which set of prominent, outstanding and powerful politicians in the whole American nation are set to challenge each others capabilities. Under the unified goal, the list of clever American politician showcases their profound abilities and qualities to become the next president of the United States of America and rule the country for the succeeding years of their term, as the new head of entire states. United States presidential election, on the hand, is arguably he most significant event of the entire United States of America, as it is the critical episode in the whole country, on which the people and the entire American society is up to decide whether who to entrust the future of the whole nation and the entire American dreams. We will write a custom essay sample on Barack Obama or Socrates for President or any similar topic only for you Order Now The 2008 United States presidential race is one of the historical elections, the Americans will have, on which it is the first time to happen that there are no incumbents from both presidential and vice-presidential position, since the 1928 presidential election. Technically, all the running politicians for presidency are equal, on which every running candidate have definite advantage over the other and has a fair share possibility to be the next head of the influential American nation. (Rate It All, Inc. ) Among the political person running for the 2008 United States presidential election, Barack Obama is one of the most politicians to receive positive feedbacks among the American public. Barack Obama, as one the United States presidential had been phenomenal to his political campaign, on which Obama had garner positive feedbacks on votes from most of the states in the entire United of America. In most of the political rallies Barack Obama, he often says America, as a united country must stand together and work together, on which everyone has a fair share of obligation to make the country productive and strong economically as well as socially. This is how Barack Obama envisions the United States of America should be, on which he carry the tag-line â€Å"change, we can believe†, together with his supporters in all of his political rallies. (Barack Obama. com) In ancient politics, however, the Greek classical philosopher, Socrates, is one of the most popular political advocates of their own definition of ideal government. As a philosopher, Socrates has a bunch of in-depth insights about many forms of government, on which he as a thinker has a profound definition of government. In principle, Socrates is an oppositionist of many forms of government, more specifically the democracy. (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Just like Barack Obama, Socrates advocates his own version of an ideal government, on which he consistently pursue up to the last drop of his blood. Relating this to the current political situation of the United States, this classical argumentative paper will claim who would be the better candidate for the United States of America’s presidential election in the year 2008, between one of the prime democrat candidate Barack Obama and the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates. Technically, Barack Obama and Socrates differ with each other on their explanation of ideal state government. As an oppositionist of many currently existing form of government, Socrates’ representation of an ideal form of government is more strict and profound, on which the structure of his ideal governance in state government is totally an antagonism to the entire principle of democracy. In his ideal Government, Socrates states that his principle structure of perfect government is divided into three major parts, on which are Gold, Silver and Bronze. The Gold being the head of the state or government that their primary role is to rule and lead over its people: the silver is the army or soldier, on which their primary purpose or responsibility is to protect the welfare of the head of state or the government: and the last is bronze, as the common people who is classified by Socrates as the Laborer and the lowest least priority or part in his ideal government. (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Essentially, Socrates’ model of his ideal government for the state disagrees with the principle of democracy, on which most of the people, most especially those who belongs in the least bronze category do not have the same human rights as compare to the two more prominent division of Socrates’ ideal government. Nevertheless, the Greek philosopher Socrates’ model of ideal government do not cater to the needs and priority of the common people or the public of the state. Barack Obama, on the other hand, as one of the United Sates presidential candidate for the 2008 election, uses the principle of democracy for the entire United States of America, as his personal definition of ideal state government. As a contradict to the ideal government principle of Socrates, the democrat prime candidate Barack Obama is an advocate of the so called democracy, as his primary definition of an ideal state government. A true democrat that he is, presidential contender Barack Obama believes that every American has its fair share of right to help the entire country of the United States grow bigger and stronger, economically and socially. (Barack Obama. com) Moreover, the ideal governance of Barack Obama for the entire United States of America caters the needs and prioritizes the sake of the people in the entire states of America. Barack Obama believes that every American or citizen of the state has its profound capability to protect and contribute to the future of the entire United States, on which the ideal government of Barack Obama gives every individual an equal share of freedom and right to do their share for the betterment of the entire American Nation. Nevertheless, Barack Obama’s ideal state government for the whole America centers to the good and better sake of all the Americans, towards the reconstruction of unified, strong and competent future of the whole United States of America. (Barack Obama. com) In every state or country, government head or leader is important. He or she is the one in-charge to take care of the future and welfare of the nation as well as to its people. Essentially, the leader of the state is the one in driver seat to further achieve and enhance the dream or the American dream for the United States. However, between the democrat leader Barack Obama and the ancient Greek leader Socrates, the American democrat Barack Obama is more deserving to be the best and the next country leader of the entire United States of America. I argue that Socrates as a philosopher and an oppositionist of the principle of democracy, his type of leadership is not suitable for a democratic country like the United States of America, which is better known for its outstanding freedom and equality in its states government. More likely, the Leadership of Socrates is comparable to a dictatorial governance, on which he is the type of a leader that only practice personal self growth and motives, as against to the priority and sake of the entire country. Nevertheless, Socrates, as a leader is selfish in away he does not believe to the equal right or freedom of every people on a state, regardless of their status and role in life. Barack Obama, on the other hand, is the type of leader who believes and relies to the support as well as significance of the entire American people in rebuilding the nation and dreams of the whole United States. Barack Obama, as a leader is an advocate of equality of citizenry, on which he have the faith for the people to make their fair share to build and achieved to together the bright future of the entire United States. As the nation’s favorite democrat candidate for United States presidency, definitely Barack Obama is the deserving and best leader for the United States against Socrates, on which Barack Obama’s faith in the American people, as a critical player towards the change and improvement of the whole nation is a superb quality of a best leader to lead the country for the next generations. Nevertheless, Barack Obama is the type of leader whose goal is not for his own personal growth or sake, rather he centers more for priority of his people and nation. In every form of government, the people or the person in the state plays a significant role, no which the public or the people hold the key towards the success of the politician and its government in general. In Socrates’ ideal form of government, he depicts the primary role of the common people or person as the laborers or the least division in his ideal governance, on which his version of ideal government gives the least priority for the person in his government. Barack Obama, however, depicts the role of person in his ideal form of government as one of the important aspects towards the achievement of strong and bright future of the entire United States of America. Moreover, Barack Obama illustrated the person role as the primary way to change the current political situation and dilemma of the United States of America at the moment. Nevertheless, in Obama’s form of government, he believes to power of equality and significant of the person, as the catalysts of change in the state governance, towards the social and economical growth of the entire American nation. In the end, social contract is the best type of government for the United State of America, on which it has the profound capability to effect and implement equality on its people, regardless of their status and position in life. Social Contract, it is definite that no one is above the law or constitution of the land, with this it is fair enough to say social contract is the best for the entire United States of America to ensure fairness and equality of every Americans. Works Cited Rate It All, Inc. (2007), United States presidential election, 2008 – Candidates Reviews: Retrieved May 22, 2008 from http://www. rateitall. com/t-23139-united-states-presidential-election-2008–candidates-reviews. aspx Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2003), Plato’s Ethics and Politics in The Republi: Retrieved May 22, 2008 from http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/plato-ethics-politics/ Barack Obama. com (2008), Im Asking You to Believe: Retrieved May 22, 2008 from http://www. barackobama. com/index. php How to cite Barack Obama or Socrates for President, Papers

Issues in International Business Cultural Environment

Question: Discuss about the Issues in International Business for Cultural Environment. Answer: Introduction This report contains a comprehensive description of Australian business cultural environment. Australia has a comparatively higher standard of living. It generally welcomes foreign direct investments and provides regulatory framework for investors to make them feel confident and secure. The report is designed to give an insight into some of the unique cultural components of Australia, which attract foreign companies to do business in Australia. Moreover, the report comments on the cultural differences between Australia and Singapore as typical examples of Western and Eastern cultures in the Asia-Pacific region. Finally, it points out various factors that the Singaporean companies need to consider in order to operate effectively in Australia. Rationale Australia is the 12th largest economy in the world (Offord et al., 2015). More than 1,000 foreign companies operate in Australia like British airways, Virgin, BP and so on. Along with these characteristics, the most important factor that makes the author to move from his home country Singapore, to do business in Australia is that, it provides a safe and low-risk environment for businesses and offers a lot of opportunities, in terms of growth, innovation and talented workforce for businesses to become successful. The author wants to visit Australia to explore the impact of nature of Australian corporate culture on foreign businesses. This would help him in taking right decision to have a permanent establishment in the country. A Detailed Cultural Analysis of Australia Australia is one of the best-performing economies in the world and is placed at a good position in terms of cultural aspect (Hunter, and Biddle, 2012). Here, a detailed analysis of cultural environment of Australia has been made in order to understand its work-related values and other cultural backgrounds which will help the foreign companies to take right decision. The explanation of eight major cultural components of the country is described as follows: Physical environment: Australias physical environment is favourable and provides opportunities for the companies to grow and prosper (Strigel, 2012). The political system of the country is relatively stable, which attracts foreign companies to invest in with lower rate of risk (Head et al., 2015). Australia has specific laws which regulate bribery and corruption issues, in order to protect investors interests. The entire worlds climate is found in the country. Its GDP has also been increased in 2016, by 3.2%. It has enormous natural resources like coal, iron, copper, natural gas, uranium and various sources of energy. It has a liberal-capitalistic democracy, which means that the state interferes in the economy in various matters. It has lower unemployment and public debts. Moreover, only 10% tax rate is imposed on sale of most goods and services and a very nominal tax rate is charged on exporting activities in Australia (Austin and Huang, 2011). However, non-residents earning in Australia is subject to hi gher tax regime. There is a strong awareness among the people in the country about water, air and land pollution. In addition, the policy of free trade agreements indicates a competitive advantage for the economy. Values and attitudes: Australia is a product of new beliefs and traditions, which encourage innovation, experiments and risk taking. It is a multi-cultural country as it is a collection of diverse people. Australians are enthusiastic adopters of technology (McKeown, 2016). All Australians have the right to express their culture and beliefs and also have the freedom to enjoy Australias national life. They are friendly in nature and open-minded. There exists equality for men and women, respect for equal worth and peacefulness. In Australian companies, being punctual is critical. Australian business people take punctuality seriously and are efficient and profit-oriented. The work weak consists of five working days with longer working hours but working environment in the companies tends to be good. They take personal responsibility for the consequences of their efforts and show complete honesty in their commitments. They value honesty and it is reflected in their work (Solomon et al., 2012). Drinking wine is very common in Australia but in offices it is allowed only on special occasions. Australians respect people having strong views, even if they dont agree fully. There is a positive response to the cultural changes in the country. Manners and Customs: In Australia, greetings among people are casual and relaxed, with a handshake and a smile. They used to be informal in their day-to-day interactions, but they tend to be formal in professional situations (Montagu, 2013). The dress code for business people in the country differ according to the location and situation. Generally, it consists of dark-coloured, conservative business suit for both men and women. Offering gifts is not the custom of the Australian corporate culture, as it is often seen as bribery. However, if someone is invited to the home then, bringing small gifts like flowers, chocolates and wine is common. It is customary to use words please, thank you, excuse-me and sorry, while having conversation with either friends or strangers and while conducting business transactions. Sports are a national passion in Australia (Keen, 2010). Playing Beach cricket and backyard in the summer is popular among Australians. Education: Traditions, beliefs and customs are transferred to the Australian people through parenting, schooling and group membership (Crossley, 2015). Higher education offers well-paid jobs in the country. Students studying in Australia, get great advantage from countrys innovative technology and research resources. Education in Australia also includes promoting peace and serving justice. Degrees obtained from Australian Universities and Institutions are recognizes all over the world. Australian government keeps evaluating these universities to make sure that they are maintaining high standards. Today, Australians are more highly educated than ever before. Personal communication: Australians prefer modes of communication according to their cultural background and upbringing (Burgess et al., 2014). They are little more familiar facial expressions, tone and body language than other countries. For example, while making conversation, eye-contact is essential. It demonstrates attention, involvement and sincerity. Social structure: Australian society is generally a collection of young diverse people and is relatively more liberal. Social classes in the country are divided into three categories, i.e. working class, middle class and upper class (Uhlmann, 2016). However, class cant be identified by cars, clothes and living circumstances. Way of speech, participation in sports, consumption patterns, etc are the useful indicators of class. It is also allowed for people to move between classes from one generation to another. It is not customary in the corporate culture of the society to make social contact with customers outside the office. In Australia, no one is discriminated on the basis of its cultural heritage, religious belief, gender, or language. Everyone is assessed on the basis of are character (Jang, 2015). Many people who migrate to Australia feel a strong sense of belonging to Australia and gradually get attached to its beliefs and values. Religion: There is no official religion of Australia and people are free to practice any religion, they wish, provided that they do not break the law (Grim et al., 2015). However it is basically describes as Christian country. Extensive migration from different parts of the world has given this nation an identity of religiously diverse society. People in the country enjoy freedom of religion and all religions and faiths like Buddhists, Muslims, Jews and Hindus are equally respected in the country. Also 19% of the Australians have no religion. Every religious community has its own place of worship. Aesthetics: Australian culture is basically a Western culture, mainly derived from Britain. Music is an integral part of Australian culture. Didgeridoo is the most famous feature of Aboriginal music (Sb, 2016). However, they have also turned to Western popular music forms for commercial success. Architecture is also predominant throughout the country. It includes Harbour Bridge in Sydney, Port Arthur in Tasmania, and Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne and many more. The National Trust of Australia is in charge of Australias built heritage. Aboriginal rock art is the oldest tradition of Australia. Australian foremost landscape painters include John Glover and Eugene Von Guerard. Australian schools of painting are associated with Heidelberg school of late 1800s. Dance is also an important part of Australian culture (Nah and Tan, 2016). In many states of the country, various youth dance companies have been established, providing opportunity for youngsters to participate in dance. It gives them a broad understanding of artistic process. Moreover, theatrical and dramatic aspects are also found in Australian cultural ceremonies and they have experienced a new sense of national identity. Comparision of Business Culture of Austrlia With That of Singapore In Australian culture, business people are polite and speak of their minds. But they are less aggressive and are more compatible with their colleagues (Bharati and Pratyush, 2010). In Singapore, interpersonal communication is primarily influenced by Western culture. Here, people are argumentative, even if the matter is controversial. Australian work culture give more priority to individual needs while, Singaporean culture mainly focus on organisational needs rather than individual needs. Working hours: Another big corporate cultural difference between two countries is working hours. In Singapore, working hours are longer than that of Australia. Particularly in the field of architecture, working hours are longest and quite harsh in Singapore. On the other hand, in Australia, things happen quicker in daily operations (Spoehr, and Jain, 2012). On the other hand, in Singapore, business deals are completed at slower pace. Greeting: Since Singapore is a multi-ethnic society, greetings are based on the ethnic origin. For example, Muslim men do not shake hands with women. However, Western culture of shaking hands with everyone (except older and more reserved Singaporeans) is widely accepted in the country by younger people and people working in multi-nationals (Sirgy et al., 2015). On the other hand, shaking hands is a common practice in Australia, before and after the business meeting. If anyone refuses to shake hands, when offered, it is considered rude. Negotiations: When it comes to meetings and negotiations, Australians businesspeople are more relaxed and calm and willing to share information. Here, negotiations happen quickly. On the other hand, business negotiations take place at a slow pace in Singapore and follow the strict hierarchy (Lee 2010). They are a little bit tough on price and deadlines. Decision-making: In Singapore, business decision making involves agreement of majority of the people in the group (Chhokar et al., 2013). On the other hand, in Australia decisions are taken by the top management of the company. Business meeting etiquette: In Singapore, appointments are made before at least two weeks (Djajadikerta and Zhang, (2015). While in Australia, appointments are relatively easy to schedule. Gift giving etiquette: In Singapore, flowers are not considered appropriate for gifting as they are given to the sick people and used at funerals. However, one can gift sweets, fruits or cake saying that it is for the children and gifts are not opened when received (Aung and Myo, 2015). On the other hand, in Australia, it is considered polite to bring chocolates or flowers when invited to someones house and gifts are opened when received. Dress code: In business culture of Singapore, businesspeople wear dark or light-coloured long-sleeved shirts and dark trousers with no tie and no jackets or blazers whereas women tend to wear blouses, skirts or dressy slacks (Sharkey, 2012). On the other hand, in Australia, business attire for men is a dark-coloured black or navy suit with white shirt and a tie and for women, it is skirt or trouser with white blouse. Hofstedes Six Cultural Dimension Theory Hofstedes cultural dimension theory is a model which illustrates cross-cultural communications among different national societies. It describes the effects of bringing together various groups of people having different preferences and values (Piepenburg, 2011). It is the most valuable pieces of work in the field of international business management (IBM) which evaluates how values in workplace are influenced by culture and helps in better decision-making. This model assists the organisations in operating effectively across cultures. Hofstedes model contains six cultural dimensions, which are: Here, a meaningful analysis of Australian culture has been made, using Hofstedes cultural dimension theory. In addition, some factors are also discussed which foreign countries (here, Singapore) should consider to operate business in Australia successfully. Power Distance: The term power distance deals with the issue of human inequality. It indicates the extent by which less powerful people accept that power is spread unequally (Robbins, 2014). People having high power distance generally accept autocratic power relations and unequal distribution of power, while people having low power distance question and expect to participate in decisions taken by the authority that affect them. Australia scores 36 in this dimension, which is lower as compared to that of Singapore. It indicates that managers and employees in Australian companies expect to be consulted and involved in decision-making process. If Singapore wishes to do business in Australia, it needs to delegate its power and authorities to employees as much as possible. Also, the top management should involve employees in all those decision-making processes which may affect employees directly. Individualism: It indicates the degree of interpersonal connection between the individuals and social groups. Higher individualism represents individualist culture. In individualist culture, people take care of themselves and their family only (Newman, 2014). They live with I mentality and emphasize on individual achievements. Lower individualism represents collectivistic culture, in which people emphasize more on groups and We mentality, exists there. Decisions are taken which are best for the entire group rather than any particular person. Australia scores 90 in this dimension, which indicates highly individualistic culture in the country. It means that Australians give more importance to their personal goals and freedom. Since, individualism is high in Australia, it is important for Singaporean companies to let employees to express their own ideas and appreciate individual accomplishments in order to encourage them. Masculinity: Masculinity places value on ambition, power and material goods. A high masculine society generally has more difference between genders and tends to be more competitive (Newman, 2014). In contrast, lower masculinity represents feminine society, in which more emphasis is on quality of life and relationship building. Australia has high level of masculinity (61), which shows that it places more value on money and material gains. Therefore, if a Singaporean company wants to operate business in Australia, it should recognize that it is operating in a hierarchical, deferential and traditionally patriarchal society. Here, long-hours are the norm and this can make difficult for female members to gain advancement, due to family commitments. Uncertainty Avoidance: This dimension reflects societys tolerance for uncertainty and the ways by which members of the society deals with future unknown changes and threats (Shackleton, and Ali, 1990). Australia scores moderate, i.e. 51 in this dimension, which shows that business culture of Australia, is tolerant of uncertainty and there are very few rules and regulations to cope up with the anxiety of unexpected events. Singaporean companies should encourage employees to become more open to different approaches but at the same time, it should be ensured that people remain focussed and do not create too much structure. Singaporean companies also need to recognize and learn Australian unspoken expectations in order to function there in a better way. Long Term Orientation: This dimension represents the extent to which members of a society deals with their present and future challenges while linking them with their past. Long term orientation shows that people see time as linear and looks to the future rather than the past or the present. It is goal-oriented and values rewards (Shi, and Wang, 2011). On the other hand, short-term orientation is characterized with emphasizing on respect for tradition, personal steadiness and stability. Australia scores very low (21) in this dimension which means that it is a normative cultural society. Australians fosters on achieving quick results and care more about immediate gratification than long-term fulfilment. Singaporean companies may need to sell themselves to be taken seriously, in order to operate effectively in Australian normative culture (Gulsrud, 2014). Here, people are less willing to compromise as it would be seen as weakness. Singaporean companies may need to promote self-enhancement of employees and value their short-term gains. Indulgence: Indulgence cultural societies are more concerned with optimism, personal life control and freedom of speech (McSweeney, 2002). Low indulgence represents a restraint culture where people feel helplessness about their personal destiny and have rigid behaviour. Australia scores higher (71) in indulgence, which indicates that these people have control over their future events and they actively participate in life activities. It also reflects that Australian customer service representatives visibly demonstrate their happiness with a smile and friendly behaviour. In order to operate well in Australia, it is required for Singaporean companies to prioritize feedback, coaching and mentoring (Xiumei et al., 2011). Companies should provide employees flexible working environment along with work-life balance. Comclusion From the above detailed analysis, it has been concluded that Australian culture is primarily influenced by Western culture, which are characterized as low in power-distance, individualistic, high in uncertainty-avoidance, masculine, short-term oriented and high in indulgence. Hofstedes cultural dimensions model enables foreign business firms who want to do business in Australia, to evaluate their approaches, decisions and actions based on corporate culture of Australia. A little research has found several key differences in context of working hours, greetings and business etiquettes, in the business culture of Australia and Singapore. Additionally, the above studies provide information on business decision-making style that foreign business firms can utilize to operate in Australia by formulating more effective strategies. References Hunter, B and Biddle, N. (2012). Survey Analysis for Indigenous Policy in Australia: Social Science Perspectives. Australia: Anu E Press. Strigel, W. (2012). Problems and Instruments of Business Cycle Analysis: A Selection of Papers Presented at the 13th CIRET Conference Proceedings, Munich 1977. Germany: Springer Science Business Media. Head, B and Crowley, K. (2015). Policy Analysis in Australia. UK: Policy Press. Austin, I. and Huang, X. (2011). Chinese Investment in Australia: Unique Insights from the Mining Industry. Germany: Springer. McKeown, S., Haji, R. and Ferguson, N. (2016). Understanding Peace and Conflict Through Social Identity Theory: Contemporary Global Perspectives. Germany: Springer. Solomon, M., Bennett, R and Previte, J. (2012). Consumer Behaviour. USA: Pearson Higher Education AU. Montagu, A. (2013). Coming Into Being Among the Australian Aborigines: The Procreative Beliefs of the Australian Aborigines. UK: Routledge. Keen, I. (2010). Indigenous Participation in Australian Economies: Historical and Anthropological Perspectives. Australia: Anu E Press. Crossley, M., Hancock, G. and Sprague, T. (2015). Education in Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific. UK: Bloomsbury Publishing. Monie, J. and Wise, A. (2013). Social Policy and Its Administration: A Survey of the Australian Literature 1950-1975. Netherlands: Elsevier. Uhlmann, A. (2016). Family, Gender and Kinship in Australia: The Social and Cultural Logic of Practice and Subjectivity. UK: Routledge. Jang, H. (2015). Social Identities of Young Indigenous People in Contemporary Australia: Neo-colonial North, Yarrabah. Germany: Springer. Grim, B., Johnson, T., Skirbekk, V. and Zurlo, G. (2015). Yearbook of International Religious Demography 2015. Netherlands: BRILL. Sb, A. (2016). International Yearbook for Research in Arts Education 4/2016: At the Crossroads of Arts and Cultural Education: Queries meet Assumptions. US: Waxmann Verlag. Nah, F and Tan, C. (2016). HCI in Business, Government, and Organizations: Information Systems: Third International Conference, HCIBGO 2016, Held as Part of HCI International 2016, Toronto, Canada, July 17-22, 2016, Proceedings, Part 2. Germany: Springer. Bharati, and Pratyush. (2010). Global Perspectives on Small and Medium Enterprises and Strategic Information Systems: International Approaches: International Approaches. US: IGI Global. Spoehr, J. and Jain, P. (2012). The Engaging State: South Australia's Engagement with the Asia-Pacific Region. Australia: Wakefield Press. Sirgy, M., Bahn, K. and Erem, T. (2015). Developments in Marketing Science: Proceedings of the Academy of Marketing Science. Germany: Springer. Lee, T. (2010). The Media, Cultural Control and Government in Singapore Media, Culture and Social Change in Asia Series. UK: Routledge. Chhokar, J., Brodbeck, F. and House, R. (2013). Culture and Leadership Across the World: The GLOBE Book of In-Depth Studies of 25 Societies. UK: Routledge. Djajadikerta, H. and Zhang, Z. (2015). A New Paradigm for International Business: Proceedings of the Conference on Free Trade Agreements and Regional Integration in East Asia. Germnay: Springer. Aung and Myo, U. (2015). Managerial Strategies and Practice in the Asian Business Sector Advances in Logistics, Operations, and Management Science. US: IGI Global. Sharkey, N. (2012). Taxation in ASEAN and China: Local Institutions, Regionalism, Global Systems and Economic Development. UK: Routledge. Piepenburg, K. (2011). Critical analysis of Hofstedes model of cultural dimensions: To what extent are his findings reliable, valid and applicable to organisations in the 21st century. Germany: GRIN Verlag. Robbins, S., Bergman, R., Stagg, I. (2014). Management. UK: Pearson. Newman, A. (2014). Business Communication: In Person, In Print, Online. USA: Cengage Learning. Kato, K. (2010). Cultural Compatibility in Educational Contexts: Japanese Native-Speaker Teachers in Australian Classrooms. US: University Press of America. Shackleton, V.J. and Ali, A.H., (1990). Work-related values of managers a test of the Hofstede Model.Journal of cross-cultural psychology,21(1), pp.109-118. Shi, X. and Wang, J., (2011). Interpreting hofstede model and globe model: which way to go for cross-cultural research?.International journal of business and management,6(5), p.93. McSweeney, B. (2002). Hofstedes model of national cultural differences and their consequences: A triumph of faith-a failure of analysis.Human relations,55(1), 89-118. Xiumei, S. H. I., Jinying, W. A. N. G. (2011). Cultural distance between China and US across GLOBE model and Hofstede model.International Business and Management,2(1), 11-17. Lee, Y. J., Gretzel, U. (2014). Cross-cultural differences in social identity formation through travel blogging.Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing,31(1), 37-54. Burgess, T., Braunack-Mayer, A., Crawford, G. B., Beilby, J. (2014). Australian health policy and end of life care for people with chronic disease: An analysis.Health policy,115(1), 60-67. Gulsrud, N. M. (2014). og evt. undertitel: The Role of Green Space in City Branding.population,87(100), 74. Offord, B., Kerruish, E., Garbutt, R.,Wessell, A. and Pavlovic, K. (2015). Inside Australian Culture: Legacies of Enlightenment Values. UK: Anthem Press.

Agrarian Discontent In The Late 1800s Essays -

Agrarian Discontent in the Late 1800s Agrarian Discontent in the Late 1800's "Why the Farmers Were Wrong" The period between 1880 and 1900 was a boom time for American politics. The country was for once free of the threat of war, and many of its citizens were living comfortably. However, as these two decades went by, the American farmer found it harder and harder to live comfortably. Crops such as cotton and wheat, once the bulwark of agriculture, were selling at prices so low that it was nearly impossible for farmers to make a profit off them. Furthermore, improvement in transportation allowed foreign competition to materialize, making it harder for American farmers to dispose of surplus crop. Finally, years of drought in the midwest and the downward spiral of business in the 1890.s devastated many of the nation.s farmers. As a result of the agricultural depression, many farm groups, most notably the Populist Party, arose to fight what farmers saw as the reasons for the decline in agriculture. During the last twenty years of the nineteenth century, many farmers in the United States saw monopolies and trusts, railroads, and money shortages and the demonetization of silver as threats to their way of life, though in many cases their complaints were not valid. The growth of the railroad was one of the most significant elements in American economic growth. However, in many ways, the railroads hurt small shippers and farmers. Extreme competition between rail companies necessitated some way to win business. To do this, many railroads offered rebates and drawbacks to larger shippers who used their rails. However, this practice hurt smaller shippers, including farmers, for often times railroad companies would charge more to ship products short distances than they would for long trips. The rail companies justified this practice by asserting that if they did not rebate, they would not make enough profit to stay in business. In his testimony to the Senate Cullom Committee, George W. Parker stated, ....the operating expense of this road...requires a certain volume of business to meet these fixed expenses....in some seasons of the year, the local business of the road...is not sufficient to make the earnings...when we make up a train of ten of fiftee n cars of local freight...we can attach fifteen or twenty cars...of strictly through business. We can take the latter at a very low rate than go without it.. Later, when asked the consequences of charging local traffic the same rate as through freight, Mr. Parker responded, .Bankruptcy, inevitably and speedy..... While the railroads felt that they must use this practice to make a profit, the farmers were justified in complaining, for they were seriously injured by it. A perfect example of this fact can be found in The Octopus by Frank Norris. A farmer named Dyke discovers that the railroad has increased their freight charges from two to five cents a pound. This new rate, ....ate up every cent of his gains. He stood there ruined.. (Doc. H). The railroads regularly used rebates and drawbacks to help win the business of large shippers, and made up this loss in profit by increasing the cost to smaller shippers such as farmers. As a result, many farmers, already hurt by the downslide in agriculture, were ruined. Thus, the farmers of the late nineteenth century had a valid complaint against railroad shippers, for these farmers were hurt by the unfair practices of the railroads. Near the end of the nineteenth century, business began to centralize, leading to the rise of monopolies and trusts. Falling prices, along with the need for better efficiency in industry, led to the rise of such companies as Carnegie Steel and Standard Oil, which controlled a majority of the nation.s supply of raw steel and oil respectively. The rise of these monopolies and trusts concerned many farmers, for they felt that the disappearance of competition would lead to erratic and unreasonable price rises that would hurt consumers. James B. Weaver, the Populist party.s presidential candidate in the 1892 election, summed up the feelings of many Americans of the period in his work, A Call to Action: An Interpretation of the Great Uprising. He wrote, .It is clear that trusts are...in conflict with the Common

A clean, well ligted place essays

A clean, well ligted place essays The story A Clean, Well-lighted Place, pivots around difference between a clean and pleasant caf and a dark, not so clean, bar (bodegas) through the conversation between the young waiter and older waiter. The two waiters discuss about an old man who is in the caf and the idea of an existentialist is illustrated through it. An existentialist, insist that the highest good for an individual is to find his or her own unique belief and to find his or her own way without the aid of universal standards. Ernest Hemingway expresses this idea by presenting the old man and older waiter, as lonely men who need a clean, well-lighted place. Although the younger waiter seems to have happiness, Hemingway may indicate otherwise, through dichotomy between the younger waiter and the old man. The old man is depressed and lonely person who needs a place that is clean and pleasant. It is reasonable to suggest that the caf is place where the old man can find comfort. In fact, the old man tried commit suicide, but his niece found him and cut him down because she was fearful of his soul. The Catholics believe that if people, who commit suicide, will go to place called purgatory; thus, it seems that she was only concern for eternal well-being and not concern for his physical and mental well-being. Obviously, the old man cannot go to his family for comfort. Interestingly enough, a week later the two waiters see him in the caf drinking brandy, which may indicate that the comfort he has found is in a clean and pleasant cafe. Arguably, one could oppose that a person who founds comfort in drinking at a cafe will only contribute to more loneliness and depression. So, the old man should go to church to find comfort. This, however, implies that there is only one way for the old man to obtain comfort. From existentialist point of view, an individual can find his or her own comfort through his or her unique bel ...

Financial Distress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Financial Distress - Essay Example The inevitable natures of factors which interplay and caused this financial turmoil on a global scale make business decisions difficult especially in areas of retrenchment. For a university which had been in operation for 164 years since its foundation in 1845, Cornell University is not exempt from the global financial crunch. As such, strategies and efforts are being evaluated to assess the possibility of retrenchment to ensure the very survival of the organization. It is in this regard that this essay is written to explain the circumstances of the financial distress and to outline an action plan where the principles of retrenchment would be implemented in order to restore equilibrium. In the year end statement written by the president of Cornell University, David J. Skorton on July 1, 2009, he identified the following effects of the global financial crisis in Cornell University, to wit: (1) a looming budget shortfall in one of its major colleges, Ithaca; (2) a 27% reduction in endowment (â€Å"reducing base budgets across the university; drawing down uncommitted fund balances; reducing endowment spending by 15 percent; implementing a construction pause, during which we reconsidered a number of proposed new projects, and decided not to pursue over $662 million in incremental capital expenditures; implementing an external hiring pause, which preserved opportunities for current Cornell employees who lost their jobs; and responsibly reducing our workforce†) and (3) a reduction in the cost of university administration in order to focus precious resources on core activities of teaching, learning, discovery, scholarship and outreach, among others. (Cornell Univer sity, University Statements, 2009) The university applies the following principles of retrenchment: (1) Selective Retrenchment Efforts where the university will use curtailment or reduction of selective activities, functions or

Careers in Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Careers in Psychology - Essay Example With the increase in military men being sent to Iraq and Afghanistan, there will be an increase in demand for psychologists who need to assist them and their families. I think that this is the right career path for me since opportunity to travel around the world also exist since I can work in different VA nursing homes or be a member of teams assigned to take services to veterans who cannot go to hospitals. My view regarding the career options that I may take widened after reading DeAngelis’ article. I realized that I can even work with the Department of Homeland Security because they need psychologists to help them study the impact of terrorism on both the individual and the society. The article â€Å"Giving Each Other A Lift† by Packard, widened my view regarding my career. I realized that I can be of help to other psychologists and the other way around. I should not only be concerned with the development of my own career but rather I should try to reach out to other psychologists because it will benefit me too. Conferences and workshops are an ideal place to meet fellow psychologists who may be able to assist me in the areas of marketing and finances as well as possible career practice diversification.

Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Music - Essay Example The group’s song â€Å"I’m Gonna Sing Till the Spirit moves† is one best example of their song which has uplifted the spirits of the many. The song is in â€Å"a capella†. Just the soft yet powerful voices of the singers can be heard. They just used their own voice, blended their tone qualities with each other and produced accompanying sounds making the song more effective and interesting to hear. The overall structure of the song is very solemn. In fact, this song can be sung inside the church. Listeners, like me, can even imagine to serious faces of the singers giving all their hearts and soul while singing the song. The mode and/or tone is very emphatic. It is as if the singers are directly talking with each listener. But despite this, listeners can enjoy every lyric of the song. I even noticed myself tapping my fingers and silently humming the song. Indeed the title of this song is very apt with its content and melody. It will not take too much of the time of the singers in singing the song because the listeners’ spirits will surely be moved in less than a time. Brownie McGhee & Sonny Terry were two famous soloists during the early 1930’s. But these two tried sharing their music together and their fans loved them more for this move. Brownie was a superb and smooth guitarist and singer, while Sonny was known for his able playing of his harp and voice quality which is in a rough country style complete with whoops and hollers. Sonnys solo "Mountain Blues" from the 1938 Spirituals to Swing concert was one of his finest recordings and was sung completely in falsetto. Nearly blind since childhood Sonny had almost always played music, at first on street corners and later in recording studios with Blind Boy Fuller. Sonny met his partner of many, Brownie McGhee. Together they became the folk-blues musicians - recording and gigging with people like Lead belly, Woody

Dead Trees and the Dead Wood Cycle

Dead Trees and the Dead Wood Cycle Introduction A common misconception about forest would be that a â€Å"healthy forest† should have only have trees that are alive or growing. This â€Å"healthy† forest should be rid of dead trees as they would cause harm to the forest and/or perhaps spread disease of sorts. This misunderstanding originated from our lack of understanding of forests and trees. Dead trees play a crucial role in sustaining biodiversity within forests. They provide the forest with nutrients, a habitat for forest animals, rivers, soil, along with many other benefits covered in this paper. To highlight all the importance’s of dead or decaying trees this report will be broken down to sections After defining exactly what constitutes as a dead trees, we will go in depth into the dead wood cycle. Following that will go into analyzing the benefits of dead trees that include and but not limited to[1]; Hold moisture for the soil throughout arid seasons. Provide a location for necessary bacteria to survive Provide a home for small mammal dens and bird nests; Improving the soil by accumulation of organic matter. Offer a seed bed for redeveloping trees. scavenging spot for several insectivorous animals such as woodpeckers; food, protection, shelter, cover, and suitable climate for thousands of tiny organisms Then role of dead wood in the ecosystem and finally we will conclude the report by stating important facts about the significant biodiversity found because of deadwood. Definition of dead trees and decaying trees Common sense would provide that dead or decaying trees are those trees that are no longer alive. However this is more of a definition of the different kinds of dead tress you could potentially encounter in a forest. We will analyze each kind and separate them from the others Coarse Woody Debris Coarse woody debrisis used to describe fallen deadtrees orthe leftovers of bulkybranches left either in the forest or in the rivers. There is a minimum size required for woody debris to be defined as coarse, which is around 20cm in diameter. This also includes dead or decaying stumps[2]. Coarse woody debris are caused by ordinary tree death,illness, andbugs, as well as disastrous events such aswildfires,tornados, hurricaneand floods[3]. Old forests still contain dead trees and woodland remnants are still where they had fallen. These are recycled to nourish fresh vegetation and establishes the perfect woodland in relations of reprocessing and the renewal of fallen trees. As a matter of fact almost 30% of all biomass contained in a forest are from dead trees[4]. Large Woody Debris Sticks, logs, and branches all are considered large woody debris. Wood that fall into streams and rivers are also believed to be large woody debris. This debris can affect how the water flows in and how strong or weak the channel is. This flow affects how much erosion goes on and thus affects how rivers and other water channels are shaped[5]. Large woody debris are important for all its effects on forest management as well as channel streams. The debris is one of the most important factors in the formation of pools and ponds[5]. As these pools and ponds are formed animals, such as salmon, frogs, and other small fishes. Large woody debris is an important source of biodiversity because if these ponds and or pools were not created a lot of these animals would be washed away. The frogs and other animals that nourish off these fish would lose a feeding ground. The measure of scrubbing and erosion is determined by the relation of the span of the wood, to the deepness of the watercourse, and how deep the piece is dug in[6]. Snags Snags could be defined as coarse woody debris, however they operate in a slightly different way and can be identified in different ways. Snags costs of either standing, dead, or dying trees. Whereas coarse woody debris is usually fallen debris, snags are still standing. Both can, however, refer to dead or decaying trees/debris. Snags are also often missing their tops or most, if not all, of their branches[7]. Dead wood cycling Dead wood cycling is the procedure of when the components of wood, enter the forest ecosystem through death, followed by decomposition and then reuse. Many components and functions of the forest are affected during the changes in trees. These changes are the most important physical features of forest.[8 ]Most forest ecosystems in general contain a large amounts of organic matter within the dead wood. It is reported that 17% of all ecosystem organic matter was found within coarse woody debris and snags at costal ecosystems[8]. The cycle begins with the death of the stem. Usually the death is slow, however in special cases such as lightning strikes, floods, hurricanes or other storms the death is immediate. The larger the tree the longer their period to die. Snags usually take a long time to be utilized by other living trees. A lot of factors contribute to this including, rooting, moisture, nutrients, slop of the ground, how the tree died and the species of trees. All of these factors also affect how long the snag, coarse woody debris, or large woody debris[9]. The utilization of dead snags differs dependent on provincial and geographical ecological conditions. Forests that are troubled by procedures other than lumber jacking, the trees ultimately become dead wood. However the trees that die and continue to stand upright end up becoming part of the snag component of the forest. More lush sites usually have superior snags. Snag thickness reduces and useful life increases with the snag size[9]. Coarse woody debris work differently. After the tree dies it enters the ecosystem either directly through a fall. This could be the death from a fall of living trees or through tree death and the eventual fall of upright dead branches. The biomass and ecologically sustainability of the coarse woody debris also depends on the species of trees. For example coniferous (cone bearing trees) ecosystems hold more bio mass than coniferous ecosystems (used up parts that proceed to fall off.) Biomass is coarse woody debris is also effected by how moist it is. The more moisture there is the more it is able to sustain other organism increasing biodiversity. There is more biomass existent on older trees that younger ones. This is usually due to the nutrients and the size of older trees[10]. Benefits There are a lot of benefits created but all forms of dead trees. Most of the benefits overlap however this report will separate some of the distinct benefits created by each individual type of dead tree. To make this part as thorough as possible, some benefits will also be separated to each respective function and cause. Coarse woody debris The benefits of coarse woody debris are huge. They are one the most important factors in sustaining biodiversity in the forest. Usually there is an accumulation of long-term organic matter, which is contributed by how well decayed the wood is. The size also adds to the accumulation of organic matter and that results in decayed wood that has high in carbon constituents. The soil and ability to carry moisture greatly improved by the carbon[11]. To ensure biodivesity, the protection of productive potential in forest soil should be maintaned. This would ensure a contiuous supply of organic materials that live off the moisture in the debris[11]. Fungus Root tip association There is a special relationship is between ectomycorrhizal activity ( a symbiotic relationship) and coarse woody debris. This fungi is key for the healthy growth of conifer trees and needs moisture to survive during dry periods. The moisture is provided during the state of decay of wood[11]. During the summer months, the moisture contents found in coarse woody debris was around 250% of the dry weight. All this moisture store was then used for dry spells throughout the year to ensure refugia and ectomycorrhizal fungi. The larger the piece, the more moisture would be stored. This does not completely replace the moisture and nutrition needs, but if there is enough wood, it would be a significant source of moisture[12]. Fixation of nitrogen in forests due to coarse woody material Forests growth, specifically in boreal forests, is limited to the amount of nitrogen available in the air and usually is limited in forests. The general theory behind the limit is the slow mineralization of organic soil nitrogen. However since nitrogen is such an important part of forest growth it is crucial to ensure that there is enough nitrogen in the air for the flora[13]. There are 4 sources of nitrogen in the forest[12]: Nitrogen fixing bacteria that reside in roots (also called associative nitrogen fixation) Nitrogen fixing bacteria that occur in soil and plants ( called non symbiotic nitrogen fixation) Nitrogen collected from lightning, dust, pollen, and other air pollutants. Nitrogen fixation from roots from certain species (red alder) The most efficient source is nitrogen fixation from species such as the red alder. Unfortunately, after many years of fire suppression, only some forests contain such species[14]. These forests then rely mostly on non-symbiotic sources of nitrogen, which occur from bacteria found on coarse woody debris. The debris allows bacteria to live due to the heavy moisture contained within the wood, and is an important contributor to nitrogen. There is also a relationship between fungus and nitrogen fixing algae. The algae are self-sustaining however the fungi provide a very firm home for the algae. This fungus survives during the dry sells due to the moisture found on the coarse woody debris 1 [1] Stevens, Victoria. 1997. The ecological role of coarse woody debris: an overview of the Ecological importance of CWD in B.C. forests. Res. Br., B.C. Min. For., Victoria, B.C. Work. Pap. 30/1997. [2] Stevens, Victoria. 1997. The ecological role of coarse woody debris: an overview of the Ecological importance of CWD in B.C. forests. Res. Br., B.C. Min. For., Victoria, B.C. Work. Pap. 30/1997. [3] Keddy, P.A. and C.G. Drummond. 1996. Ecological properties for the evaluation, management, and restoration of temperate deciduous forest ecosystems. Ecological Applications 6: [4] Stevens, Victoria. 1997. The ecological role of coarse woody debris: an overview of the Ecological importance of CWD in B.C. forests. Res. Br., B.C. Min. For., Victoria, B.C. Work. Pap. 30/1997. [5] Curran, Janet H. Flow Resistance of Large Woody Debris in Headwater Streams of the Washington Cascades Abstracts with Programs Geological Society of America [5] [6] Curran, Janet H. Flow Resistance of Large Woody Debris in Headwater Streams of the Washington Cascades Abstracts with Programs Geological Society of America [7] Ferguson, H.L., Robinette, K., and K. Stenberg. 2001.Wildlife of Urban Habitats – Urban Parks, Golf Courses, Cemeteries, and Open Space.Pp. 334-335 in: Johnson, D.H. and T.A. O’Neil, managing directors, Wildlife-Habitat Relationships in Oregon and Washington. Oregon State University Press. [8 ]8 Lofroth, Eric (1998),The dead wood cycle, in Voller, J.; Harrison, S.,Conservation biology principles for forested landscapes, Vancouver, B.C.: UBC Press, pp.185–214 [8] [9] Stevens, Victoria. 1997. The ecological role of coarse woody debris: an overview of the Ecological importance of CWD in B.C. forests. Res. Br., B.C. Min. For., Victoria, B.C. Work. Pap. 30/1997. [9] Stevens, Victoria. 1997. The ecological role of coarse woody debris: an overview of the Ecological importance of CWD in B.C. forests. Res. Br., B.C. Min. For., Victoria, B.C. Work. Pap. 30/1997. [10] Lofroth, Eric (1998),The dead wood cycle, in Voller, J.; Harrison, S.,Conservation biology principles for forested landscapes, Vancouver, B.C.: UBC Press, pp.185–214 [11] [11] Stevens, Victoria. 1997. The ecological role of coarse woody debris: an overview of the Ecological importance of CWD in B.C. forests. Res. Br., B.C. Min. For., Victoria, B.C. Work. Pap. 30/1997 [11] [12] Stevens, Victoria. 1997. The ecological role of coarse woody debris: an overview of the Ecological importance of CWD in B.C. forests. Res. Br., B.C. Min. For., Victoria, B.C. Work. Pap. 30/1997 [13] Roger T. Koide,Christopher Fernandez,Glenna Malcolm,Determining place and process: functional traits of ectomycorrhizal fungi that affect both community structure and ecosystem function,New Phytologist,2014,201,2 [12] [14] Stevens, Victoria. 1997. The ecological role of coarse woody debris: an overview of the Ecological importance of CWD in B.C. forests. Res. Br., B.C. Min. For., Victoria, B.C. Work. Pap. 30/1997

The Truth of War Exposed in A Farewell to Arms Essay -- Farewell Arms

The Truth of War Exposed in A Farewell to Arms The soldier takes his last breath as he faces the menacing glare of the beast known as the enemy gun.   Emotions run through him as he awaits the final blow that will determine his destiny.   Memories flash through his mind, none of which will be of any significance once he leaves this world.   Out of the barrel of the gun, had suddenly come terror, murder, and chaos, all at once.   "I say it's rotten.   Jesus Christ, I say it's rotten." (Hemingway 35)   Summarized in two sentences is Ernest Hemingway's personal attitude towards World War I.  Ã‚      In A Farewell to Arms by Hemingway, the characters criticize the war and views it as the source of their misery.  Ã‚   Instead of finding the patriotic and courageous hero engaged victorious battle scenes, this novel portrays the so-called hero as a brazen who lacks any ambition.   This is the story of war seen through the cynical eyes of a Red Cross ambulance driver who lived the horrors.   Through a combination of ironic, cynical and apathetic tones, Hemingway's contempt towards World War I is reflected in the nature surroundings and the voice of his characters. Primarily, Hemingway attempts to expose the truths behind the war through his characters by using a tone of cynicism.   In the dialogues and streams-of-consciousness, characters repeatedly avow their reprobation for the war. "Abstract words such as glory, honor, courage, or hallow were obscene." (185)   These words that once held meaning has now lost its significance.   No longer is the war about patriotism or courage; instead it is replaced by a certain crookedness, the national glories lost somewhere in-between the madness.   War is now where the soldiers  ... ...; and to achieve national glory, spirits are broken repeatedly until the point where they only wish to die.   The result is war, an outcome of the cruel and senseless world where violence is the backslash of violence.   There is no glory here; there is only condemnation.   The cynical words of Hemingway's characters are his own, the apathetic attitude of Fred is meant to represent himself, and the irony of the destruction on nature, is just one more reason why Hemingway opposes the war.   Hiding behind his characters, it's the diary of Hemingway himself.    Works Cited Hemingway, Ernest. A Farewell to Arms. 1929. New York, NY: Scribner Paperback Fiction, 1995. Nagel, James. "Catherine Barkley and Retrospective Narration." Critical Essays on Ernest Hemingway's A Farewell to Arms. Ed. George Monteiro. New York, NY: G. K. Hall & Co., 1994. 161-174.

Samsung Mobile

A PROJECT REPORT On Consumer Awareness And Satisfaction Towards Samsung Submitted to: Ujjal sandhu (Lect. Dept of Management) Submitted by: Prem Kumar Masters of Business Administration (2nd semester) DR. I. T. GROUP OF INSTITUTES Chandigarh-Patiala Highway, Jalalpur (Banur), Near Chandigarh Affiliated to Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar. 2010-20 CERTIFICATE Certified that this project report â€Å"Consumer Awareness And Satisfaction Towards Samsung. † is the original work, Prem Kumar. , who carried out the project work under my supervision as a part of Assignment of Research Methodology. ______________________ Ms. Ujjal sandhu (Lect. Dept of Management) DECLARATION We hereby declare that the project entitled â€Å"Consumer Awareness And Satisfaction Towards Samsung† submitted for the Assignment of Research Methodology is our original work and the project has not formed the basis for the award of any degree, associateship, fellowship or any other similar titles. S ignature of the Student: _____________________ Prem Kumar Place: Date: ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Heartfelt thanks to the following people†¦. A Few typewritten words of thanks can-not really express the sincerity of my gratitude.But I am still trying to put into words my gratefulness towards all who have helped & encouraged me in carrying out this project. I would like to thank Prof. P P ARYA (Director, DR. IT. ) to give me guidelines and my worthy thanks to my teacher Ms. Ujjal sandhu (Lect. Dept of Management) for their valuable contribution during the academic session and guidance in preparation of this project report. Finally, yet importantly, I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to my beloved parents for their blessings, my friends/classmates for their help and wishes for the successful completion of this project. Name of Students, Prem KumarTable of Content Chapter | Topic| Page Num. | 1| CERTIFICATE| 2| 2| DECLARATION| 3| 3| ACKNOWLEDGEMENT| 4| 4| TABLE OF CONTANT| 5| 5| LIST OF TABLE| 6| 6| Chapter – 1 Introduction| 7| 7| Chapter – 2 Literature Review | 12| 8| Chapter – 3 Research Methodology| 13| 9| Chapter – 4 Result and discussions| 16| 10| Chapter – 5 Finding and Conclusion| 25| 11| Reference| 25| 12| QUESTIONNAIRE| 26| 13| Appendix| 27-28| | | | | | | List of Table Chapter | Topic| Page Num. | 4. 1| Profession| 15| 4. | Do you have a mobile phone| 16| 4. 3| Have you ever heard about samsung| 17| 4. 4| which companies cell phone are you using| 18| 4. 5| In which industry the brand name Samsung is involve. | 19| 4. 6| what is tagline of Samsung| 20| 4. 7| what makes you to buy Samsung| 21| 4. 8| You prefer Samsung because of | 22| 4. 9| will you recommend Samsung to other | 23| 4. 10| acording to you which is close competitor of Samsung| 24| CHAPTER – 1 INTRODUCTION * Consumer A consumer is an individual who purchase or has the capacity to purchasegoods and services offered for sale by marketing institu tions in order to satisfy  personal or ousehold needs,wants or desires. According to a statement made by Mahatma Gandhi, ‘consumer refers to the following, â€Å"A consumer is  the most important visitor on our premises. He isnot dependent on us. We are dependent on him. He is not an outsider to our  Ã‚  business. He is part of it. We are not doing him a favour by serving him. He is doing us a favour by giving us an opportunity to do so† So  consumer  is  like  the  blood  of  our  business  and  also  a satisfied customer is a word of mouth advertisement of a product / services * Customer satisfaction: Satisfaction is the person’s feelings of pleasure or disappointment resulting rom comparing a product’s perceived in relation to his or her expectations. In general, if performance of the products matches the expectations, the customer is said to be satisfied. Customer satisfaction, a business term, is a measure of how products a nd services supplied by a company meet or surpass customer expectations. In a competitive marketplace where business complete for customers, customer satisfaction is seen as a key differentiator and increasingly has become a key element of business strategy. If performance exceeds expectations, the customer is said to be highly satisfied or delighted.If the performance falls short of expectations, the customer is said to be dissatisfied. * INDUSTRY PROFILE In 1977  Samsung Electronics  launched the Telecommunication Network , and in 1983 it initiated its  mobile  telecommunications business with the hope that this would become the company's future growth engine. In 1986, Samsung was able to release its first built-in car phone, the SC-100, but it was a failure due to the poor quality. In spite of unsuccessful result Ki Tae Lee, the then-head of the Wireless Development Team, decided to stay in the mobile business. He asked the company to buy ten  Motorola  mobile phones for  benchmarking.After 2 years of R;amp;D Samsung developed its first mobile phone (or â€Å"hand phone† in Korea), the SH-100 in 1988. It was the first mobile phone to be designed and manufactured in Korea. But the perception of mobile devices was very low and although Samsung introduced new models every year, each model sold only one or two thousand units. Samsung Telecommunications  is one of five business units within  Samsung Electronics belonging to the  Samsung Group, and consists of the Mobile Communications Division, Telecommunication Systems Division, Computer Division, MP3 Business Team, Mobile Solution Centre and Telecommunication R;amp;D Centre.Telecommunication Business produces a full spectrum of products from  mobiles  and other mobile devices such as  MP3  players and  laptop computers to telecommunication network infrastructure. Headquarters is located in  Suwon  South Korea In 2007 Samsung Telecommunication Business reported over 40% growth and became the second largest mobile device manufacturer in the world. Its market share was 14% in Q4 2007, growing up form 11. 3% in Q4 2006. At the end of November 2011, Samsung sold more than 300 million mobile devices and set still in secondSAMSUNG In India Samsung Electronics commenced its operations in India in December 1995 and is today a leading provider of Consumer Electronics , IT and Telecom products in the Indian market. Samsung India is the Regional Headquarters for Samsung’s South West Asia operations, which provides employment to over 8,000 employees with around 6,000 employees being involved in R;amp;D. In 2010, Samsung India achieved a sales turnover of US$3. 5 billion.Samsung began operations in India through its manufacturing complex located at Noida (UP), which today houses facilities for Colour Televisions (including 3D, LED and LCD Televisions), Mobile Phones, Refrigerators, Washing Machines and Split Air Conditioners categories. Samsung Electroni cs commenced its operations in India in December 1995 and is today a leading provider of Consumer Electronics , IT and Telecom products in the Indian market. Samsung India is the Regional Headquarters for Samsung’s South West Asia operations, which provides employment to over 8,000 employees with around 6,000 employees being involved in R;amp;D.In 2010, Samsung India achieved a sales turnover of US$3. 5 billion. Samsung began operations in India through its manufacturing complex located at Noida (UP), which today houses facilities for Colour Televisions (including 3D, LED and LCD Televisions), Mobile Phones, Refrigerators, Washing Machines and Split Air Conditioners categories. Samsung commenced operations of its second state–of-the-art manufacturing complex at Sriperumbudur, Tamil Nadu in November 2007. Today, the Sriperumbudur facility manufactures Colour televisions, Fully Automatic Front Loading Washing Machines, Refrigerators and Split Air Conditioners.Samsung Ind ia has two R;amp;D Centres in India – at Delhi and Bangalore . While the Delhi R;amp;D Centre develops software solutions for hi-end televisions such as Plasma TVs, LCD TVs and Digital Media Products, the Bangalore R;amp;D Centre works on major projects for Samsung Electronics in the area of telecom, wireless terminals and infrastructure, Networking, SoC (System on Chip) Digital Printing and other multimedia/digital media as well as application software. Samsung India is a market leader in product categories like LED TVs, LCD TVs, Slim TVs and Side by Side Refrigerators.While it is the second largest mobile handset brand in India, it leads in the smart phone segment in India. Samsung India has won several awards and recognitions for both its corporate initiatives as well as its product innovations in audio visual, home appliance, IT and telecom product categories. Apart from development of innovative technology, Samsung places great importance on acting as a responsible corpo rate citizen in the communities where it operates. Its CSR programs respond to the social and environmental needs and seek to give back to communities that support the company.In 2009, Samsung launched the company’s Corporate Social Responsibility initiative – ‘Samsung Hope Project’ with projects in the areas of education, culture, sports, social welfare and community development. Each program under the Hope Project uniquely addresses the needs of individual communities while emphasizing on innovations for development of the community including education, technology, engineering and IT technical training. Consumer research is the systematic collection and analysis of consumer information for the purpose of important decision making for marketing.Consumer research plays an important role in marketing process, helps in consumer measurement, market potential, sales forecast, each element like product mix, distribution mix, price, effectiveness of an advertise ment campaign, consumer acceptance of a product. Infiercely competitive situation, it is extremely critical for and organization to monitor the customer relationship on a regular basis. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEWS This chapter contain the review of literature releted to SAMSUNG handsets and customers satisfaction and awareness towards it. There are various tudies which have already been conducted on the customers satisfaction towards Raymond SAMSUNG handsets . the review studies focused on the SAMSUNG brands quality, brands perception and thinking of people towards it. 1 Marks (2006) found that inspite of increasing competition in the mobile phone sectors the SAMSUNG is still a brands that leads the market intems of customers satisfaction level. In this study is also found that the customers using SAMSUNG handsets were more satisfied with its features from the customers using handsets of other companies. Martensen (2008) found that the Indian customers are having a hight level of a wareness when it comes to SAMSUNG. The customers are awar about the taglines of the company and most the customers also identify the logo of the company while the customers of other companies were not aware about their company and the customers were also satisfied with SAMSUNG handsets. CHAPTER – 3 RESEARCH METHOLOGY The research methodology section contains the objectives of the study, ources of data, research design, tool for data collection and sampling techniques. Objectives of the study 1 . To identify the customers awareness level towards SAMSUNG handsets. 2 . To indetify the customers satisfaction level towards SAMSUNG handsets. 3 . To identify the different criteria considered by the customers while buying SAMSUNG handsets. 4 . To identify customers perception towards SAMSUNG as a brand. Sample size Our sample was 50 respondents. Sources of data The study used primary and secondary data. Primary data:- The primary data was collection from the respondents from dr. t gr oups of institutes using questionnaire. Secondary data:- The secondary data was collected from internet, books and magazines. Research design:- A descriptive research has been conducted to study consumer awareness and satisfication towards SAMSUNG because it has gathered the data that described events and then organized, tabulated, depicted and described the data obtained from consumers of SAMSUNG and other brands. We used descriptive statistics to describe the basic features of data of our study. They provided us simple summaries about the sample and the measures of our study.Descriptive statistics helped us to simplify large amounts of data in a sensible way. Sampling techniques:- The sampling techniques used to collect data is convenience sampling. For this study, 50 respondents have been taken as a sample ana data is collected from them. One of the most common examples of convenience sampling is using student volunteers as subjects for the research. We use it when we are unble t o access a wider population, for example due to time or cost constraints. Tool of data collection:- The data has been collected through questionnaires using graphical techniques ofSPSS CHAPTER – 4 Results ;amp; Discussion Table4. 1: Profession? Option| Response| Percentage| Student| 20| 50%| Business| 10| 25%| Working| 8| 20%| Other| 2| 5%| Interpretation:- From the above table we conclude that 50% of respondents are students ,25% of respondents are business , 20% of respondents are working and remaining 5% are working. TABLE 4. 2: Do you have a mobile phone? Option| Response| Percentage| Yes| 39| 97. 5%| No| 1| 2. 5%| Interpretation:- From the above table we conclude that 97. 5%% of respondents have mobile and remaining 2. % have not mobile. TABLE 4. 3: Have you ever heard about samsung? Option| Response| Percentage| Yes | 40| 100%| No | 0| 0%| Interpretation:- From the above table we conclude that 100%% of respondents are heard about Samsung mobile and remaining 0% are not heare of it. TABLE 4. 4:which companies cell phone are you using? Option| Response| Percentage| Nokia| 15| 37. 5%| LG| 6| 15%| Samsung| 13| 32. 5%| Motorola| 4| 10%| Other| 2| 5%| Interpretation:- From the above table we conclude that 37. 5%% of respondents are using nokia phone , 15% are using lg mobile, 32. % are using Samsung mobile, 10% are using Motorola mobile and 5% are using others mobile TABLE 4. 5: In which industry the brand name Samsung is involve.? Option| Response| Percentage| Automobile| 2| 5%| Sports| 0| 0%| Peteroleum| 0| 0%| Telecommunication| 38| 95%| Interpretation:- From the above table we conclude that 5% of respondents were that Samsung in automobile and 95% of respodents were that Samsung mobile in telecommunication. TABLE 4. 6: what is tagline of samsung? Option| Response| Percentage| I am the next| 30| 75%| What the next| 6| 15%| Stay connect| 4| 10%| Other| O| 0%| Interpretation:-From the above table we conclude that 75% of respondents aware about the tagl ine of Samsung mobile TABLE 4. 7: what makes you to buy samsung? Option| Response| Percentage| Advertisement| 30| 60%| On choice| 6| 12%| Friedns opinion| 5| 10%| Other| 3| 6%| Interpretation:- From the above table we conclude that 60% of respondents buy nokia by seeing advertisement , 12% influenced by on choice , 10% through their friends opinion and 6% because of other factors TABLE 4. 8:You prefer Samsung because of ? Option| Response| Percentage| Feature| 6| 15%| Price| 3| 7. 5%| Brand name| 20| 50%| Service| 10| 25%|Other| 1| 2. 5%| Interpretation:- From the above table we conclude that 15% of respondents prefer Samsung because of its feature, 7. 5% because of its price, 50% because of its brand name, 25% because of its service and 2. 5% because of other factor TABLE 4. 9 will you recommend Samsung to ohter ? Option| Response| Percentage| Yes| 35| 87%| No| 5| 13%| Interpretation:- in the graph 87% respondes recommend Samsung is favor and 13% is not favor in Samsung. TABLE 4. 1 0 acording to you which is close competitor of samsung ? Option| Response| Percentage| Nokia| 30| 75%| Motorola| 7| 18%| LG| 3| 7%|Spice| 0| 0%| Interpretation:- IN graph 75% compitotrs are nokia than the Samsung. FINIDINGS:- 1. Among the total of 40 respondents qwsin them 39 having mobile phon. 2. From the study undertaken majority of the respondents 100% were aware about Samsung. 3. Among the respondents 32. 5% were using Samsung mobile phones. 4. Among the respondents 60% people buy Samsung because of their advertisement. 5. Among the respondents 50%people prefer Samsung because of its brands name CONCLUSION We came to the conclusion that most of the customer of Samsung mobile were aware and satisfied with Samsung mobile car.Most of the respondent trust Samsung mobile as a brand and in future will recommend Samsung mobile to others also. In spite of having competition in the automobile industry Samsung mobile still stand above all and it has been able to maintain satisfaction lev el in its customers which in turns attracts others new customers also REFERENCES 1. http://www. samsung . com 2. https://www. scribd. com QUESTIONNAIRE TOWARDS SAMSUNG NAME:- ADRESS:- Q. 1. Do you use mobial phone ? 1. yes 2. No Q. 2 Have you ever heard about Samsung ? 1. yes 2. No Q. Which companies cell phone are you using ? 1. Samsung 2. Nokia 3. LG 4. Motorola Q. 4. In which industry the brand name Samsung is involved ? 1. Automobile 2. Peteroleum 3. Sports 4. Telecommunication Q. 5 what is the tagline of Samsung ? 1. I am the next 2. What the next 3. stay connect 4. Other Q. 6 What makes you to buy Samsung ? 1. Advertisment 2. Friend opinion 3. Own choice 4. Other Q. 7 you prefer Samsung because of 1. Feature 2. Brand name 3. Price 4. Services 5. Other APENDIX Data view VARIABLE VIEW

Tobacco in the New World essays

Tobacco in the New World essays When tobacco was first introduced to the New World in the early 1600s, nobody could have imagined the significant impact that it would soon have on the Virginia colony by the 1660s. In fact, Virginia thrived around tobacco, as it soon became the colonys means of making money. Virginia not only became dependent on tobacco, it became too dependent (Morgan 185). Without a doubt, Virginia was a money hungry colony that wanted to get rich fast. At the beginning with tobacco, this was possible because they would ship the tobacco to London, where they would receive a large return. Virginians began to make larger tobacco plantations, believing that they would make more money. Instead the amount of tobacco that was produced by the colony was so large that the planter had to sell for half or less (Morgan 185) of what he received in the past because of the large supply. Until Virginia would begin to plant different crops and make the most out of the land available, it would fail. This was a problem for Virginia because instead of producing more crops in the land, tobacco remained to be their only form of income until the 1660s when William Berkeley came into the picture. Until then tobacco was used as money for some, and even used to purchase indentured servants, another outcome of the vast amount of tobacco in the land. The first indentured servants were brought to Virginia in 1619, because of tobacco. After seeing how much more tobacco Virginia could produce with the indentured servants, a very large amount of blacks were brought into Virginia. A problem that arose because of indentured servants was that the servants became free men after seven years of work, and then became fierce competition in the tobacco market for the white planters. Colonists decided that it would be cheaper to do away with indentured servants, and instead get slaves who would not require payments, and also be t...

Definition and Discussion

Definition and Discussion Lexical meaning  refers to the  sense (or meaning) of a word  (or lexeme)  as it appears in a dictionary. Also known as semantic meaning, denotative meaning, and central meaning. Contrast with grammatical meaning  (or structural meaning). The branch of linguistics thats concerned with the study of lexical meaning is called lexical semantics. Examples and Observations There is no necessary congruity between the structural and lexical meanings of a word. We can observe a congruity of these meanings, for example, in the word cat, where both structural and lexical meaning refer to an object. But often the structural and lexical meanings of a word act in different or even diametrically opposite directions. For example, the structural meaning of protection refers to an object, while its lexical meaning refers to a process; and conversely, the structural meaning of (to) cage refers to a process, while its lexical meaning refers to an object. The tension between structural and lexical meanings I call the antinomy between grammar and the lexicon... The essential aspect of the interrelation between structural and lexical meanings is that lexical meanings constrain grammatical rules. Yet, in stating the laws of grammar we must abstract from the lexical constraints on the rules of grammar of individual languages. The laws of grammar cannot be stated in terms of the lexical constraints on the rules of grammar of individual languages. These requirements are captured in the following law: Law of Autonomy of Grammar From the Lexicon The meaning of the structure of a word or a sentence is independent of the meanings of the lexical signs that instantiate this structure. (Sebastian Shaumyan, Signs, Mind, and Reality. John Benjamins, 2006) The Sense Enumeration Model The most orthodox model of lexical meaning is the monomorphic, sense enumeration model, according to which all the different possible meanings of a single lexical item are listed in the lexicon as part of the lexical entry for the item. Each sense in the lexical entry for a word is fully specified. On such a view, most words are ambiguous. This account is the simplest conceptually, and it is the standard way dictionaries are put together. From the perspective of a typed theory, this view posits many types for each word, one for each sense. . . . While conceptually simple, this approach fails to explain how some senses are intuitively related to each other and some are not. . . . Words or, perhaps more accurately, word occurrences that have closely related senses are logically polysemous, while those that do not receive the label accidentally polysemous or simply homonymous. . . . Bank is a classic example of an accidentally polysemous word . . .. On the other hand, lunch, bill, and city are classified as logically polysemous. (Nicholas Asher,  Lexical Meaning in Context: A Web of Words. Cambridge University Press, 2011) The Encyclopedic View Some, though by no means all, semanticists have proposed that lexical meanings are encyclopedic in character (Haiman 1980; Langacker 1987).  The encyclopedic view of  lexical meaning is  that there is no sharp dividing line between that part of a words meaning which is strictly linguistic (the dictionary view of lexical meaning) and that part which is nonlinguistic knowledge about the concept. While this dividing line is difficult to maintain, it is clear that some semantic properties are more central to a words meaning than others, particularly those properties that apply to (almost) all and only the instances of the kind, which are intrinsic to the kind, and which are conventional knowledge of (almost) all of the speech community (Langacker 1987: 158-161). (William Croft, Lexical and Grammatical Meaning.  Morphologie / Morphology, ed. by  Geert Booij et al.  Ã‚  Walter de Gruyter,  2000) The Lighter Side of Lexical Meaning Special Agent Seeley Booth: Im glad that you apologized to the Canadian. Im proud of you, Bones. Dr. Temperance Bones Brennan: I didnt apologize. Special Agent Seeley Booth: I thought . . .. Dr. Temperance Bones Brennan: The word apology derives from the Ancient Greek apologia, which means a speech in defense. When I defended what I said to him, you told me that wasnt a real apology. Special Agent Seeley Booth: Why dont you think of a word that means you feel bad for making someone else feel bad? Dr. Temperance Bones Brennan: Contrite. Special Agent Seeley Booth: Ah! Dr. Temperance Bones Brennan: From the Latin contritus meaning crushed by a sense of sin. Special Agent Seeley Booth: There. Thats it. Contrite. Okay, Im happy that you contrited to the Canadian. (David Boreanaz and Emily Deschanel in The Feet on the Beach. Bones, 2011)